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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fcmedicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Clinical Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-0764</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-0941</issn><publisher><publisher-name>КемГМУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23946/2500-0764-2026-11-1-135-141</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fcmedicine-1161</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EPIDEMIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Выявление вируса иммунодефицита человека в трупной крови: новые возможности для оптимизации система эпидемиологического надзора и безопасности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Detection of Hhuman Immunodeficiency Virus in Corpsic Blood: New Opportunities for Optimizing Epidemiological Surveillance and Safety Systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4402-279X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельникова</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikova</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мельникова Елена Николаевна, ассистент кафедры гигиены, экологии и эпидемиологии; специалист</p><p>ул. Одесская, д. 54, г. Тюмень, 625023 </p><p>ул. Новая, д. 2, стр. 3, г. Тюмень, 625025 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Elena N. Melnikova, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Hygiene, Ecology and Epidemiology; Specialist </p><p>Odesskaya Street, 54, Tyumen, 625023 </p><p>Novaya Street, 2/3, Tyumen, 625025 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">meinikova-elena@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8286-0279</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Марченко</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Marchenko</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марченко Александр Николаевич, доктор медицинских наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой гигиены, экологии и эпидемиологии</p><p>ул. Одесская, д. 54, г. Тюмень, 625023 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Alexander N. Marchenko, MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant professor, Head of the Department of Hygiene, Ecology and Epidemiology</p><p>Odesskaya Street, 54, Tyumen, 625023 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тюменский государственный медицинский университет ; Центр профилактики и борьбы со СПИД</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tyumen State Medical University ; Tyumen Center for AIDS Prevention and Control</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тюменский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tyumen State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>135</fpage><lpage>141</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мельникова Е.Н., Марченко А.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мельникова Е.Н., Марченко А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Melnikova E.N., Marchenko A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/1161">https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/1161</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Определение антител к ВИЧ, уровень вирусной нагрузки в образцах трупной крови у лиц с недиагностированной при жизни ВИЧ-инфекцией и предложение мер по оптимизации системы эпидемиологического надзора и безопасности.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведён целенаправленный скрининг 710 образцов трупной крови, поступивших из бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы. Забор крови осуществляли из полостей сердца или крупных сосудов в соответствии с нормативными документами Минздрава России. Точное время взятия образцов относительно момента смерти не фиксировалось, однако оно, как правило, происходило в течение нескольких часов после констатации смерти. Прижизненный ВИЧ-статус умерших не был известен. Всего проанализировано 710 образцов; ВИЧ подтверждён в 1,5 % случаев (n = 11). Первичное выявление антител к ВИЧ-1/2 и антигена p24 осуществлялось с помощью иммуноферментной тест-системы «МилаЛаб-ИФА-ВИЧ-Аг+Ат». Подтверждение серопозитивности и определение профиля антител выполняли методом иммунного блоттинга с использованием набора «МилаБлот-ВИЧ». Для оценки эпидемиологического риска у серопозитивных лиц проводили количественное определение РНК ВИЧ-1 методом ПЦР (набор «АмплиСенс ВИЧ-МОНИТОР-FRT»). Вирусную нагрузку не удалось определить в двух пробах из-за гемолиза.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Положительный иммунный блоттинг к ВИЧ был выявлен в 1,5 % проб. Антитела к белкам gp160 и gp41 обнаружены в 100 % случаев, к gp120, p31 и gag24 − в 91 %, к gp36 − в 27 % (3/11), к p51/66 и gag17 − в 64% (7/11). При определении вирусной нагрузки результаты составили от 48 до 390 000 копий/мл. В абсолютном большинстве случаев (78 %) вирусная нагрузка превышала 1000 копий/мл, что свидетельствует о высоких рисках передачи ВИЧ-инфекции.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные данные подтверждают необходимость валидизации существующих тест-систем для посмертной диагностики ВИЧ-инфекции, разработки алгоритма эпидемиологического выявления случаев заражения ВИЧ в трупной крови и обследования контактных лиц первой линии, а также усиления мер эпидемиологической безопасности для танатологов и медицинского персонала при работе с трупным материалом.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To determine HIV antibodies and viral load levels in cadaveric blood samples from individuals with undiagnosed HIV infection during their lifetime, and to propose measures to optimize the system of epidemiological surveillance and safety.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A targeted screening of 710 cadaveric blood samples was conducted, received from the forensic medical examination bureau. Blood sampling was performed from the heart cavities or large vessels in accordance with the regulatory documents of the Russian Ministry of Health. The exact time of sample collection relative to the moment of death was not recorded, but it typically occurred within several hours after death was confirmed. The lifetime HIV status of the deceased was unknown. A total of 710 samples were analyzed; HIV was confirmed in 1.5 % of cases (n = 11). Primary detection of HIV-1/2 antibodies and p24 antigen was performed using the “MilaLab-ELISA-HIV-Ag+At” enzyme immunoassay test system. Seropositivity confirmation and antibody profile determination were performed using immune blot testing with the “MilaBlot-HIV” kit. To assess epidemiological risk in seropositive individuals, quantitative determination of HIV-1 RNA was performed using PCR (“AmpliSense HIV-MONITOR-FRT” kit). Viral load could not be determined in two samples due to hemolysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Positive immune blot for HIV was detected in 1.5% of samples. Antibodies to gp160 and gp41 proteins were detected in 100 % of cases, to gp120, p31, and gag24 − in 91 %, to gp36 − in 27 % (3/11), to p51/66 and gag17 − in 64 % (7/11). Viral load results ranged from 48 to 390,000 copies/ ml. In the vast majority of cases (78 %), the viral load exceeded 1,000 copies/ml, indicating high risks of HIV transmission.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The obtained data indicate the need for validation of existing test systems for postmortem HIV diagnosis; development of an algorithm for epidemiological detection of HIV infection cases in cadaveric blood; examination of first-line contact persons; strengthening epidemiological safety measures for thanatologists and medical personnel when working with cadaveric material.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ-инфекция</kwd><kwd>трупная кровь</kwd><kwd>иммунный блоттинг</kwd><kwd>вирусная нагрузка</kwd><kwd>эпидемиологический надзор</kwd><kwd>валидизация тест-систем</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV infection</kwd><kwd>cadaveric blood</kwd><kwd>immunoblotting</kwd><kwd>viral load</kwd><kwd>epidemiological surveillance</kwd><kwd>test system validation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лещинская Н.П., Смольская Т.Т. 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