<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fcmedicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Clinical Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-0764</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-0941</issn><publisher><publisher-name>КемГМУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23946/2500-0764-2019-4-4-105-116</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fcmedicine-196</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Саркопения: особенности патогенеза и диагностики</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sarcopenia: pathogenesis and diagnosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2855-4358</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьева</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigorieva</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Григорьева Инесса Игоревна – аспирант кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>ул. Ворошилова, 22а, г. Кемерово, 650056</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Inessa I. Grigorieva, MD, PhD Student, Department of Internal Medicine</p><p>22a, Voroshilova Street, Kemerovo, 650056</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">grigoreva.ii@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5804-4298</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Раскина</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Raskina</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Раскина Татьяна Алексеевна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>ул. Ворошилова, 22а, г. Кемерово, 650056</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prof. Tatiana A. Raskina, MD, DSc, Head of the Department of Internal Medicine</p><p>22a, Voroshilova Street, Kemerovo, 650056</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3907-7120</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Летаева</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Letaeva</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Летаева Марина Васильевна – кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>ул. Ворошилова, 22а, г. Кемерово, 650056</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Marina V. Letaeva, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine</p><p>22a, Voroshilova Street, Kemerovo, 650056</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-3736</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малышенко</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malyshenko</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Малышенко Ольга Степановна – кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>ул. Ворошилова, 22а, г. Кемерово, 650056</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Olga S. Malyshenko, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Kemerovo State Medical University (22a, Voroshilova Street</p><p>22a, Voroshilova Street, Kemerovo, 650056</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-4545</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аверкиева</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Averkieva</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аверкиева Юлия Валерьевна – кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>ул. Ворошилова, 22а, г. Кемерово, 650056</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Yuliya V. Averkieva, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine</p><p>22a, Voroshilova Street, Kemerovo, 650056</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масенко</surname><given-names>В. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Masenko</surname><given-names>V. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Масенко Владислава Леонидовна – кандидат медицинских наук, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории рентгеновской и томографической диагностики</p><p>б-р Сосновый, д. 6, г. Кемерово, 650002</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Vladislava V. Masenko, MD, PhD, Research Fellow, Laboratory of X-ray and Tomographic Diagnostics</p><p>6, Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo, 650002</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коков</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kokov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Коков Александр Николаевич, кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий лабораторией рентгеновской и томографической диагностики</p><p>б-р Сосновый, д. 6, г. Кемерово, 650002</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Alexander N. Kokov, MD, PhD, Head of the Laboratory of X-ray and Tomographic Diagnostics</p><p>6, Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo, 650002</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kemerovo State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Disease</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>116</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Григорьева И.И., Раскина Т.А., Летаева М.В., Малышенко О.С., Аверкиева Ю.В., Масенко В.Л., Коков А.Н., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Григорьева И.И., Раскина Т.А., Летаева М.В., Малышенко О.С., Аверкиева Ю.В., Масенко В.Л., Коков А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grigorieva I.I., Raskina T.A., Letaeva M.V., Malyshenko O.S., Averkieva Y.V., Masenko V.L., Kokov A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/196">https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/196</self-uri><abstract><p>Увеличение продолжительности жизни – одно из главных достижений современной медицины. Представители старших возрастных групп в настоящее время составляют большую часть пациентов в стационарах различного профиля. Главной особенностью данной категории больных является не только высокая частота встречающейся коморбидной патологии, но и сопутствующие возрастные изменения периферических тканей, неизменно сопровождающие процесс старения. Одним из таких изменений является саркопения – прогрессирующая потеря мышечной массы и силы, которая ассоциирована с высоким риском неблагоприятных исходов, ведущих к повышению риска инвалидизации и смерти среди лиц пожилого и старческого возраста. Механизмы развития саркопении активно изучаются современными исследователями, и уже ясно, что универсального патогенетического пути потери мышечной массы не существует. На сегодняшний день выделен целый ряд внешних и внутренних факторов, потенциально способных влиять на состояние поперечно-полосатой мускулатуры. Среди внутренних факторов ведущую роль отводят возрастной нейро-мышечной дегенерации, снижению уровня анаболических гормонов, развитию хронического воспаления и оксидативного стресса. Среди внешних факторов наибольшее влияние на мышечную ткань оказывают дефицит потребления белков и углеводов с пищей, а также снижение физической активности вследствие наличия острых или хронических заболеваний. Роль внутренних факторов в развитии саркопении увеличивается с возрастом. Прогрессирующее снижение мышечной массы, силы и функции неизменно связано с потерей способности к самообслуживанию, инвалидизацией и ухудшением качества жизни больных. Сочетание саркопении с такими соматическими патологиями, как ожирение, остеопороз, дефицит витамина D, ухудшает прогноз для качества и продолжительности жизни пациента. При этом вторичный генез саркопении в ряде ситуаций может позволить улучшить состояние пациента путем оценки патогенетических причин ее возникновения и их устранения. В настоящей статье представлены вопросы терминологии, эпидемиологии, патофизиологических аспектов саркопениии и диагностические критерии этого состояния.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Increase in life expectancy is among the most significant achievements of modern medicine. Currently, the majority of patients are elderly, being characterised by multimorbidity and frailty. Sarcopenia, a progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, is associated with a reduced quality of life and high risk of adverse outcomes including disability and death in these patients. Age-related neuromuscular degeneration, decline of circulating anabolic hormones, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress considerably affect the development of sarcopenia. In addition, low intake of proteins and carbohydrates along with a decrease in physical activity also affect muscular homeostasis. Being combined with obesity, osteopenia/osteoporosis, and vitamin D deficiency, sarcopenia worsens the prognosis of the patient in terms of life expectancy. In this review, we discuss the current advances in epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of sarcopenia.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>саркопения</kwd><kwd>остеопороз</kwd><kwd>остеосаркопения</kwd><kwd>гериатрический синдром</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sarcopenia</kwd><kwd>osteoporosis</kwd><kwd>osteosarcopenia</kwd><kwd>geriatric syndrome</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. World Population Ageing 2017 – Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/397) 2017. Available at: http:// www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2017_Highlights.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. World Population Ageing 2017 – Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/397) 2017. Available at: http:// www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2017_Highlights.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лесняк О.М., Белая Ж.Е., Баранова И.А. Остеопороз: руководство для врачей. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lesnjak OM,Belaja ZhE, Baranova IA. Osteoporoz: guidelines for doctors. M.: GEOTAR-MediaPubl; 2016.(InRuss.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel JP, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, Topinková E, Vandewoude M, Zamboni M; European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412-423. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afq034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel JP, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, Topinková E, Vandewoude M, Zamboni M; European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412-423. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afq034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Critchley M. The neurology of old age. Lancet. 1931;217:1331-1337.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Critchley M. The neurology of old age. Lancet. 1931;217:1331-1337.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shock NW. Physiologic aspects of aging. J Am Diet Assoc. 1970;56(6):491-496.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shock NW. Physiologic aspects of aging. J Am Diet Assoc. 1970;56(6):491-496.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosenberg IH. Summary comments: epidemiological and methodological problems in determining nutritional status of older persons. Amer J Clin Nutr. 1989;50:1231-1233.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosenberg IH. Summary comments: epidemiological and methodological problems in determining nutritional status of older persons. Amer J Clin Nutr. 1989;50:1231-1233.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шостак Н.А., Мурадянц А.А., Кондрашов А.А. Саркопения и перекрестные синдромы – значение в клинической практике. Клиницист.2016;10(3):10-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shostak NA, Muradyantz AA, Kondrashov AA.Carcopenia and Overlapping Syndromes: Their Value in Clinical Practice. Klinitsist ("The Clinician"). 2016;10(3):10-14. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17650/18188338-2016-10-3-10-14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, Cooper C, Landi F, Rolland Y, Sayer AA, Schneider SM, Sieber CC, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Visser M, Zamboni M. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16-31. DOI:10.1093/ageing/afy169</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, Cooper C, Landi F, Rolland Y, Sayer AA, Schneider SM, Sieber CC, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Visser M, Zamboni M. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16-31. DOI:10.1093/ageing/afy169</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morley JE, Kim MJ, Haren MT, Kevorkian R, Banks WA. Frailty and the aging male. Aging Male. 2005; 8:135-140. DOI: 10.1080/13685530500277232</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morley JE, Kim MJ, Haren MT, Kevorkian R, Banks WA. Frailty and the aging male. Aging Male. 2005; 8:135-140. DOI: 10.1080/13685530500277232</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abellan van Kan G. Epidemiology and consequences of sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:708-712.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abellan van Kan G. Epidemiology and consequences of sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:708-712.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Schneider SM, Zúñiga C, Arai H, Boirie Y, Chen LK, Fielding RA, Martin FC, Michel JP, Sieber C, Stout JR, Studenski SA, Vellas B, Woo J, Zamboni M, Cederholm T. Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS). Age Ageing. 2014;43(6):748-59. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afu115</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Schneider SM, Zúñiga C, Arai H, Boirie Y, Chen LK, Fielding RA, Martin FC, Michel JP, Sieber C, Stout JR, Studenski SA, Vellas B, Woo J, Zamboni M, Cederholm T. Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS). Age Ageing. 2014;43(6):748-59. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afu115</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shafiee G, Keshtkar A, Soltani A, Ahadi Z, Larijani B, Heshmat R. Prevalence of sarcopenia in the world: a systematic review and metaanalysis of general population studies. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2017;16:21. DOI 10.1186/s40200-017-0302-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shafiee G, Keshtkar A, Soltani A, Ahadi Z, Larijani B, Heshmat R. Prevalence of sarcopenia in the world: a systematic review and metaanalysis of general population studies. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2017;16:21. DOI 10.1186/s40200-017-0302-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, Garry PJ, Lindeman RD. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147:755-763. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, Garry PJ, Lindeman RD. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147:755-763. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roubenoff R. Sarcopenia effects on body composition and function. J Gerontol A BiolSci Med Sci. 2003;58A:1012-1017. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/58.11.m1012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roubenoff R. Sarcopenia effects on body composition and function. J Gerontol A BiolSci Med Sci. 2003;58A:1012-1017. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/58.11.m1012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ryall JG, Schertzer JD, Lynch GS. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying agerelated skeletal muscle wasting and weakness. Biogerontology. 2008;9(4):213-228. DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9131-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryall JG, Schertzer JD, Lynch GS. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying agerelated skeletal muscle wasting and weakness. Biogerontology. 2008;9(4):213-228. DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9131-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lexell J, Henriksson-Larsen K, Winblad B, Sjostrom M. Distribution of different fiber types in human skeletal muscles: effects of aging studied in whole muscle cross sections. Muscle Nerve. 1983;6(8):588-595. DOI: 10.1002/mus.880060809</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lexell J, Henriksson-Larsen K, Winblad B, Sjostrom M. Distribution of different fiber types in human skeletal muscles: effects of aging studied in whole muscle cross sections. Muscle Nerve. 1983;6(8):588-595. DOI: 10.1002/mus.880060809</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nilwik R, Snijders T, Leenders M, Groen BB, van Kranenburg J, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ. The decline in skeletal muscle mass with aging is mainly attributed to a reduction in type II muscle fiber size. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48:492-498. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nilwik R, Snijders T, Leenders M, Groen BB, van Kranenburg J, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ. The decline in skeletal muscle mass with aging is mainly attributed to a reduction in type II muscle fiber size. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48:492-498. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korhonen MT, Cristea A, Alén M, Häkkinen K, Sipilä S, Mero A, Viitasalo JT, Larsson L, Suominen H. Aging, muscle fiber type, and contractile function in sprint-trained athletes. J Appl Physiol. 2006;101(3):906-17. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00299.2006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korhonen MT, Cristea A, Alén M, Häkkinen K, Sipilä S, Mero A, Viitasalo JT, Larsson L, Suominen H. Aging, muscle fiber type, and contractile function in sprint-trained athletes. J Appl Physiol. 2006;101(3):906-17. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00299.2006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Waard MC, van der Pluijm I, Zuiderveen Borgesius N, Comley LH, Haasdijk ED, Rijksen Y, Ridwan Y, Zondag G, Hoeijmakers JH, Elgersma Y, Gillingwater TH, Jaarsma D. Age-related motor neuron degeneration in DNA repair-deficient Ercc1 mice. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;120(4):461-475. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0715-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Waard MC, van der Pluijm I, Zuiderveen Borgesius N, Comley LH, Haasdijk ED, Rijksen Y, Ridwan Y, Zondag G, Hoeijmakers JH, Elgersma Y, Gillingwater TH, Jaarsma D. Age-related motor neuron degeneration in DNA repair-deficient Ercc1 mice. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;120(4):461-475. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0715-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kraegen EW, Cooney GJ. Free fatty acids and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2008;19:235-241. DOI: 10.1097/01.mol.0000319118.44995.9a</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kraegen EW, Cooney GJ. Free fatty acids and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2008;19:235-241. DOI: 10.1097/01.mol.0000319118.44995.9a</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">García ML, Fernández A, Solas MT. Mitochondria, motor neurons and aging. J Neurol Sci. 2013;330(1-2):18-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.03.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">García ML, Fernández A, Solas MT. Mitochondria, motor neurons and aging. J Neurol Sci. 2013;330(1-2):18-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.03.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gonzalez-Freire M, de Cabo R, Studenski SA, Ferrucci L. The neuro-muscular junction: aging at the crossroad between nerves and muscle. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:208. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00208</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gonzalez-Freire M, de Cabo R, Studenski SA, Ferrucci L. The neuro-muscular junction: aging at the crossroad between nerves and muscle. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:208. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00208</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калинченко С.Ю., Тюзиков И.А., Ворслов Л.О., Тишова Ю.А. Саркопения: эпидемиология, этиопатогенез, клиника, диагностика, лечение. Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2015;(27):56-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalinchenko SYu, Tyuzikov IA, Vorslov LO, Tishova YuA. Sarcopenia: Epidemiology, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Picture, Diagnostics, Treatment. Jeffektivnaja farmakoterapija. 2015;(27):56-65. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giovannini S, Marzetti E, Borst SE, Leeuwenburgh C. Modulation of GH/IGF-1 axis: potential strategies to counteract sarcopenia in older adults. Mech Ageing Dev. 2008;129(10):593-601. DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.08.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giovannini S, Marzetti E, Borst SE, Leeuwenburgh C. Modulation of GH/IGF-1 axis: potential strategies to counteract sarcopenia in older adults. Mech Ageing Dev. 2008;129(10):593-601. DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.08.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pitteloud N, Mootha VK, Dwyer AA, Hardin M, Lee H, Eriksson KF, Tripathy D, Yialamas M, Groop L, Elahi D, Hayes FJ. Relationship between testosterone levels, insulin sensitivity, and mitochondrial function in men. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(7): 1636-1642. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.7.1636</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pitteloud N, Mootha VK, Dwyer AA, Hardin M, Lee H, Eriksson KF, Tripathy D, Yialamas M, Groop L, Elahi D, Hayes FJ. Relationship between testosterone levels, insulin sensitivity, and mitochondrial function in men. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(7): 1636-1642. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.7.1636</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wittert GA, Chapman IM, Haren MT, Mackintosh S,Coates P, Morley JE. Oral testosterone supplementation increases muscle and decreases fat mass in healthy elderly males with low-normal gonadal status. J Gerontol A BiolSci Med Sci. 2003;58(7):618625. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/58.7.m618</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wittert GA, Chapman IM, Haren MT, Mackintosh S,Coates P, Morley JE. Oral testosterone supplementation increases muscle and decreases fat mass in healthy elderly males with low-normal gonadal status. J Gerontol A BiolSci Med Sci. 2003;58(7):618625. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/58.7.m618</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van geel TA, Geusens PP, Winkens B, Sels JP, Dinant GJ. Measures of bioavailable serum testosterone and estradiol and their relationships with muscle mass, muscle strength and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;160(4):681-687. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-08-0702</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van geel TA, Geusens PP, Winkens B, Sels JP, Dinant GJ. Measures of bioavailable serum testosterone and estradiol and their relationships with muscle mass, muscle strength and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;160(4):681-687. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-08-0702</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown M. Skeletal muscle and bone: effect of sex steroids and aging. Adv Physiol Educ. 2008;32(2):120-126. DOI: 10.1152/advan.90111.2008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown M. Skeletal muscle and bone: effect of sex steroids and aging. Adv Physiol Educ. 2008;32(2):120-126. DOI: 10.1152/advan.90111.2008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pitteloud N, Hardin M, Dwyer AA,Valassi E, Yialamas M, Elahi D, Hayes FJ. Increasing insulin resistance is associated with a decrease in Leydig cell testosterone secretion in men. J Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(5): 2636-2641. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-2190</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pitteloud N, Hardin M, Dwyer AA,Valassi E, Yialamas M, Elahi D, Hayes FJ. Increasing insulin resistance is associated with a decrease in Leydig cell testosterone secretion in men. J Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(5): 2636-2641. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-2190</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tieland M, Trouwborst I, Clark BC. Skeletal muscle performance and ageing. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018;9(1):3-19. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12238</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tieland M, Trouwborst I, Clark BC. Skeletal muscle performance and ageing. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018;9(1):3-19. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12238</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stowe RP, Peek MK, Cutchin MP, Goodwin JS. Plasma cytokine levels in a population-based study: relation to age and ethnicity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65:429-433. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glp198</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stowe RP, Peek MK, Cutchin MP, Goodwin JS. Plasma cytokine levels in a population-based study: relation to age and ethnicity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65:429-433. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glp198</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schaap LA, Pluijm SM, Deeg DJ, Visser M. Inflammatory markers and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) and strength. Am J Med. 2006;119(6):526.e9-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.049</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schaap LA, Pluijm SM, Deeg DJ, Visser M. Inflammatory markers and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) and strength. Am J Med. 2006;119(6):526.e9-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park CH, Do JG, Lee YT, Yoon KJ. Sarcopenic obesity associated with highsensitivity C-reactive protein in age and sex comparison: a two-center study in South Korea. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e021232. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021232</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park CH, Do JG, Lee YT, Yoon KJ. Sarcopenic obesity associated with highsensitivity C-reactive protein in age and sex comparison: a two-center study in South Korea. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e021232. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021232</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peterson SJ, Braunschweig CA. Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Associated Outcomes in the Clinical Setting. Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31(1):40-48. DOI: 10.1177/0884533615622537</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peterson SJ, Braunschweig CA. Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Associated Outcomes in the Clinical Setting. Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31(1):40-48. DOI: 10.1177/0884533615622537</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kizilarslanoglu MC, Kuyumcu ME, Yesil Y, Halil M. Sarcopenia in critically ill patients. J Anesth. 2016;30(5):884-890. DOI: 10.1007/s00540-016-2211-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kizilarslanoglu MC, Kuyumcu ME, Yesil Y, Halil M. Sarcopenia in critically ill patients. J Anesth. 2016;30(5):884-890. DOI: 10.1007/s00540-016-2211-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puthucheary ZA, Rawal J, McPhail M. Connolly B, Ratnayake G, Chan P, Hopkinson NS, Phadke R, Dew T, Sidhu PS, Velloso C, Seymour J, Agley CC, Selby A, Limb M, Edwards LM, Smith K, Rowlerson A, Rennie MJ, Moxham J, Harridge SD, Hart N, Montgomery HE. Acute skeletal muscle wasting in critical illness. JAMA. 2013;310(15):1591-1600. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.278481</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puthucheary ZA, Rawal J, McPhail M. Connolly B, Ratnayake G, Chan P, Hopkinson NS, Phadke R, Dew T, Sidhu PS, Velloso C, Seymour J, Agley CC, Selby A, Limb M, Edwards LM, Smith K, Rowlerson A, Rennie MJ, Moxham J, Harridge SD, Hart N, Montgomery HE. Acute skeletal muscle wasting in critical illness. JAMA. 2013;310(15):1591-1600. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.278481</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shachar SS, Williams GR, Muss HB, Nishijima TF. Prognostic value of sarcopenia in adults with solid tumours: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Cancer. 2016;57:58-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.12.030</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shachar SS, Williams GR, Muss HB, Nishijima TF. Prognostic value of sarcopenia in adults with solid tumours: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Cancer. 2016;57:58-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.12.030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collamati A, Marzetti E, Calvani R, Tosato M, D'Angelo E, Sisto AN, Landi F. Sarcopenia in heart failure: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. J GeriatrCardiol. 2016;13(7):615-624. DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.07.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collamati A, Marzetti E, Calvani R, Tosato M, D'Angelo E, Sisto AN, Landi F. Sarcopenia in heart failure: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. J GeriatrCardiol. 2016;13(7):615-624. DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.07.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirai K, Ookawara S, Morishita Y. Sarcopenia and Physical Inactivity in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. Nephrourol Mon. 2016;26;8(3):e37443. DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.37443</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirai K, Ookawara S, Morishita Y. Sarcopenia and Physical Inactivity in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. Nephrourol Mon. 2016;26;8(3):e37443. DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.37443</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaji H. Interaction between Muscle and Bone. J Bone Metab. 2014;21(1):29-40. DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2014.21.1.29</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaji H. Interaction between Muscle and Bone. J Bone Metab. 2014;21(1):29-40. DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2014.21.1.29</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orsatti FL, Nahas EA, Nahas-Neto J, Orsatti CL, Marocolo M, Barbosa-Neto O, da Mota GR.Low appendicular muscle mass is correlated with femoral neck bone mineral density loss in postmenopausal women. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:225. DOI:10.1186/1471-2474-12-225</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orsatti FL, Nahas EA, Nahas-Neto J, Orsatti CL, Marocolo M, Barbosa-Neto O, da Mota GR.Low appendicular muscle mass is correlated with femoral neck bone mineral density loss in postmenopausal women. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:225. DOI:10.1186/1471-2474-12-225</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burton LA, Sumukadas D. Optimal management of sarcopenia. Clin Interv Aging. 2010; 5:217-228. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S11473</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burton LA, Sumukadas D. Optimal management of sarcopenia. Clin Interv Aging. 2010; 5:217-228. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S11473</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee I, Ha C, Kang H. Association of sarcopenia and physical activity with femur bone mineral density in elderly women. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem. 2016;20(1):23-28. DOI:10.20463/jenb.2016.03.20.1.8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee I, Ha C, Kang H. Association of sarcopenia and physical activity with femur bone mineral density in elderly women. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem. 2016;20(1):23-28. DOI:10.20463/jenb.2016.03.20.1.8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaji H. Effects of myokines on bone. Bonekey Rep. 2016;5:826. DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.48</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaji H. Effects of myokines on bone. Bonekey Rep. 2016;5:826. DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.48</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Velarde MC. Mitochondrial and sex steroid hormone crosstalk during aging. Longev Healthspan. 2014;3(1):2. DOI 10.1186/2046-2395-3-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Velarde MC. Mitochondrial and sex steroid hormone crosstalk during aging. Longev Healthspan. 2014;3(1):2. DOI 10.1186/2046-2395-3-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choi KM. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Korean J Intern Med. 2016;31(6):1054-1060. DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2016.193</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choi KM. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Korean J Intern Med. 2016;31(6):1054-1060. DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2016.193</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atkins JL, Whincup PH, Morris RW, Lennon LT, Papacosta O, Wannamethee SG. Sarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a populationbased cohort study of older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62:253-260. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12652</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atkins JL, Whincup PH, Morris RW, Lennon LT, Papacosta O, Wannamethee SG. Sarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a populationbased cohort study of older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62:253-260. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12652</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malmstrom TK, Miller DK, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. SARC-F: a symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes. JEJ Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7(1):28-36. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12048</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malmstrom TK, Miller DK, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. SARC-F: a symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes. JEJ Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7(1):28-36. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12048</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woo J, Leung J, Morley JE. Defining sarcopenia in terms of incident adverse outcomes. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(3):247252. DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.11.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woo J, Leung J, Morley JE. Defining sarcopenia in terms of incident adverse outcomes. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(3):247252. DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.11.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ishii S, Tanaka T, Shibasaki K, Ouchi Y, Kikutani T, Higashiguchi T, Obuchi SP, Ishikawa-Takata K, Hirano H, Kawai H, Tsuji T, Iijima K.Development of a simple screening test for sarcopenia in older adults. GeriatrGerontol Int. 2014;14(Suppl 1):93101. DOI:doi: 10.1111/ggi.12197</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishii S, Tanaka T, Shibasaki K, Ouchi Y, Kikutani T, Higashiguchi T, Obuchi SP, Ishikawa-Takata K, Hirano H, Kawai H, Tsuji T, Iijima K.Development of a simple screening test for sarcopenia in older adults. GeriatrGerontol Int. 2014;14(Suppl 1):93101. DOI:doi: 10.1111/ggi.12197</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ling CHY, Taekema D, de Craen AJM, Gussekloo J, Westendorp RG, Maier AB. Handgrip strength and mortality in the oldest old population: the Leiden 85-plus study. Can Med Assoc J. 2010;182(5):429-435. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.091278</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ling CHY, Taekema D, de Craen AJM, Gussekloo J, Westendorp RG, Maier AB. Handgrip strength and mortality in the oldest old population: the Leiden 85-plus study. Can Med Assoc J. 2010;182(5):429-435. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.091278</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bohannon RW. Hand-grip dynamometry predicts future outcomes in aging adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2008;31:3-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bohannon RW. Hand-grip dynamometry predicts future outcomes in aging adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2008;31:3-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB,Simonsick EM, Harris TB, Penninx BW, Brach JS, Tylavsky FA, Satterfield S, Bauer DC, Rubin SM, Visser M, Pahor M; Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Added value of physical performance measures in predicting adverse health-related events: results from the Health, Aging And Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(2):251-259. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02126.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB,Simonsick EM, Harris TB, Penninx BW, Brach JS, Tylavsky FA, Satterfield S, Bauer DC, Rubin SM, Visser M, Pahor M; Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Added value of physical performance measures in predicting adverse health-related events: results from the Health, Aging And Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(2):251-259. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02126.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
