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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fcmedicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Clinical Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-0764</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-0941</issn><publisher><publisher-name>КемГМУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23946/2500-0764-2021-6-3-100-109</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fcmedicine-442</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Молекулярно-генетические методы в практике современных медико-биологических исследований. ЧАСТЬ III: генодиагностика человека при решении медицинских задач</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Molecular genetic methods in biomedical research. Part III: human gene diagnostics in clinical practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-715X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волков</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волков Алексей Николаевич, кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры биологии с основами генетики и паразитологии</p><p>650025, г. Кемерово, ул. Ворошилова, д. 22а.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey N. Volkov, Dr., PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Genetics and Parasitology</p><p>22a, Voroshilova Street, 650056</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">volkov_alex@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3148-8788</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Начева</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nacheva</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Начева Любовь Васильевна, доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой биологии с основами генетики и паразитологии</p><p>650025, г. Кемерово, ул. Ворошилова, д. 22а.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyubov V. Nacheva, Prof., MD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Department of Biology, Genetics, and Parasitology</p><p>22a, Voroshilova Street, 650056</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kemerovo State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>100</fpage><lpage>109</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Волков А.Н., Начева Л.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волков А.Н., Начева Л.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volkov A.N., Nacheva L.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/442">https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/442</self-uri><abstract><p>Диапазон применения молекулярно-генетических методов при диагностике и терапии заболеваний человека чрезвычайно широк. Это определяется тем объемом наследственной информации, которая содержится в человеческом геноме. Исследование ДНК человека позволяет не только установить наследственные факторы предрасположенности к заболеваниям, но и выявлять генетические отклонения в процессе индивидуального развития и проводить мониторинг этих изменений в случае предполагаемого патологического исхода. Генодиагностика позволяет также изучить индивидуальные генетические особенности пациента для прогнозирования реакций на тот или иной вид лечения для достижения максимального терапевтического эффекта. Основным способом изучения генома человека в медицинской практике является ПЦР-диагностика. Простота, низкая себестоимость, высокая чувствительность и надежность метода наряду с уникальными данными, получаемыми при анализе, позволили ПЦР-диагностике стать рутинным диагностическим методом в различных медицинских направлениях. В лекции рассматриваются некоторые технологические нюансы ПЦР-диагностики при изучении генетического полиморфизма человека. Описываются реальные лабораторные методы и примеры выявления генных и хромосомных мутаций с патологическим эффектом. Обсуждаются перспективы использования количественного анализа нуклеиновых кислот человека в медицинской практике. Особое внимание уделяется вопросам фармакогенетики как перспективного медицинского направления для внедрения персонифицированного подхода к терапии. Лекция ориентирована на студентов медико-биологических специальностей, а также на молодых специалистов, планирующих использовать в своей практической деятельности молекулярно-генетические методы исследований. Для лучшего понимания обсуждаемых вопросов рекомендуется ознакомление с предыдущими лекциями данного цикла.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Application of molecular genetic methods in the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases is extremely wide due to a huge amount of hereditary information contained in the human genome. Gene diagnostics allows establishing predisposition to diseases, identification of genetic abnormalities and prediction of pathological outcomes. In addition, gene diagnostics also enables prediction of the individual response to treatment in order to achieve the maximum therapeutic effect. Among all molecular genetic methods, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostics is a leading approach. Technical simplicity, low cost, high sensitivity and reliability of the method have made PCR diagnostics a routine modality for the risk assessment, diagnostics, and monitoring of the treatment efficiency. Here, we consider the application of PCR diagnostics for the abovementioned tasks and talk about the real-life examples of detecting mutations and chromosomal aberrations which may cause a disease. Further, we discuss the prospects of using a semi-quantitative PCR in medical practice and focus on pharmacogenetics as a key component of a personalised therapy. The lecture is aimed primarily at biomedical students and physicians and represents a continuation of the previous lectures published in Fundamental and Clinical Medicin.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>молекулярно-генетические методы</kwd><kwd>ДНК</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd><kwd>ПЦР</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>molecular genetic methods</kwd><kwd>DNA</kwd><kwd>mutations</kwd><kwd>PCR</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jackson M, Marks L, May GHW, Wilson JB. 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