<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fcmedicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Clinical Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-0764</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-0941</issn><publisher><publisher-name>КемГМУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23946/2500-0764-2021-6-4-8-21</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fcmedicine-464</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности экспрессии гена инсулина и функциональной активности молекул-компонентов инсулин-сигнального пути при болезни Альцгеймера</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Insulin gene expression and functional activity of insulin signaling pathway in Alzheimer's disease</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3341-1557</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горина</surname><given-names>Я. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorina</surname><given-names>Y. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горина Яна Валерьевна, кандидат фармацевтических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры биологической химии с курсами медицинской, фармацевтической и токсикологической химии</p><p>660022, г. Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yana V. Gorina, Dr. MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Biological, Medicinal, Pharmaceutical, and Toxicological Chemistry</p><p>1, Partizana Zheleznyaka Street, Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yana_20@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9718-1260</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хилажева</surname><given-names>Е. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khilazheva</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хилажева Елена Дмитриевна, старший преподаватель кафедры биологической химии с курсами медицинской, фармацевтической и токсикологической химии</p><p>660022, г. Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena D. Khilazheva, Dr. MD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Biological, Medicinal, Pharmaceutical, and Toxicological Chemistry</p><p>1, Partizana Zheleznyaka Street, Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5742-8356</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комлева</surname><given-names>Ю. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Komleva</surname><given-names>Yu. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Комлева Юлия Константиновна, доктор медицинских наук, доцент, доцент кафедры биологической химии с курсами медицинской, фармацевтической и токсикологической химии</p><p>660022, г. Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia K. Komleva, Dr. MD, DSc, Associate Professor, Department of Biological, Medicinal, Pharmaceutical, and Toxicological Chemistry</p><p>1, Partizana Zheleznyaka Street, Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7884-2721</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лопатина</surname><given-names>О. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lopatina</surname><given-names>O. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лопатина Ольга Леонидовна, доктор биологических наук, доцент, профессор, кафедры биологической химии с курсами медицинской, фармацевтической и токсикологической химии</p><p>660022, г. Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga L. Lopatina, Dr. DSc, Professor, Department of Biological, Medicinal, Pharmaceutical, and Toxicological Chemistry</p><p>1, Partizana Zheleznyaka Street, Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9170-0867</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салмина</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Salmina</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Салмина Алла Борисовна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник и заведующий лабораторией экспериментальной нейроцитологии Отдела исследований мозга; главный научный сотрудник НИИ молекулярной медицины и патобиохимии</p><p>660022, г. Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1,</p><p>125367, г. Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, д. 80</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alla B. Salmina, MD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Experimental Brain Cytology, Division of Brain Sciences; Chief Researcher, Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathological Biochemistry</p><p>1, Partizana Zheleznyaka Street, Krasnoyarsk, 660022,</p><p>80, Volokolamskoe Highway, Moscow, 125367</p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">НИИ молекулярной медицины и патобиохимии ФГБОУ ВО «Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Molecular Medicine &amp; Pathobiochemistry Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">«Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Molecular Medicine &amp; Pathobiochemistry Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">«Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Molecular Medicine &amp; Pathobiochemistry Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University; Research Center of Neurology<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Горина Я.В., Хилажева Е.Д., Комлева Ю.К., Лопатина О.Л., Салмина А.Б., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Горина Я.В., Хилажева Е.Д., Комлева Ю.К., Лопатина О.Л., Салмина А.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gorina Y.V., Khilazheva E.D., Komleva Y.K., Lopatina O.L., Salmina A.B.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/464">https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/464</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучение экспрессии мРНК инсулина, уровня инсулина и лактата в различных областях головного мозга при экспериментальной болезни Альцгеймера, а также оценка экспрессии адаптерного белка Fe65 и маркера окислительного повреждения ДНК – γH2AX.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Объект исследования – мыши линии C57BL/6, самцы в возрасте 4 месяцев, с интрагиппокампальным введением β-амилоида (экспериментальная болезнь Альцгеймера (C57BL/6+ Aβ 1-42)), контрольная группа – мыши линии C57BL/6, самцы в возрасте 4 месяца, после введения фосфатно-солевого буфера (ложно-оперированные животные (C57BL/6+PBS)). Оценку экспрессии гена инсулина в гиппокампе и миндалевидном теле осуществляли с помощью метода ПЦР. Определение уровня лактата и инсулина в различных областях головного мозга проводили методом иммуноферментного анализа. Экспрессию Fe65 и γH2AX в гиппокампе изучали методом иммуногистохимии с последующей конфокальной микроскопией.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. У животных с экспериментальной моделью болезни Альцгеймера выявлена гиперэкспрессия гена инсулина в гиппокампе и миндалевидном теле, повышение уровня лактата в гиппокампе, а также тенденция к увеличению уровня инсулина в миндалевидном теле по сравнению с контрольной группой. Установлено, что нейродегенерация альцгеймеровского типа сопровождается увеличением экспрессии белка Fe65 в эндотелии (p=0,0417) и γH2AX в нейронах гиппокампа (p=0,0443).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Нейродегенерация альцгеймеровского типа сопровождается увеличением уровня экспрессии гена инсулина в гиппокампе и миндалевидном теле головного мозга, что сопряжено с увеличение уровня инсулина в миндалевидном теле, обусловленное включением защитного механизма в условиях токсического действия β-амилоида. Это способствует нарушению передачи сигналов инсулина, вызывая развитие дисметаболизма глюкозы, что проявляется в увеличении уровня лактата в ткани головного мозга. Абберантная инсулин-сигнальная трансдукция находит свое отражение в нейрональной аккумуляции γH2AX, вызывая дисфункцию нейронов, а также в гиперэкспрессии белка Fe65 в эндотелии гиппокампа, которая обусловлена нарушением протеолиза APP за счет неспособности инсулина ингибировать его взаимодействие с белком Fe65, и тем самым препятствовать образованию и отложению β-амилоида.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To study the insulin (INS) gene expression, insulin and lactate levels, expression of Fe65 adapter protein, and level of oxidative DNA damage marker γH2AX in different brain areas in the experimental model of Alzheimer's disease.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. Male, 4-month-old C57BL/6 mice received either intrahippocampal injection of β-amyloid (C57BL/6 + Aβ 1-42) or phosphate-buffered saline (C57BL/6 + PBS). Insulin (INS) gene expression in the hippocampus and amygdala was assessed by means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Levels of lactate and insulin in different brain areas were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of Fe65 adapter protein and γH2AX in the hippocampus was studied by immunofluorescence staining followed by confocal microscopy.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. We found an overexpression of the INS gene in the hippocampus and amygdala, an increase in lactate level in the hippocampus, and slightly increased insulin level in the amygdala of mice with Alzheimer's disease as compared with the control group. Neurodegeneration was accompanied by an elevated endothelial expression of Fe65 adapter protein (p= 0.04) and γH2AX in hippocampal neurons (p = 0.04).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Alzheimer's disease neurodegeneration is accompanied by a disrupted insulin signaling and impaired glucose metabolism in the hippocampus and amygdala. This further leads to a neuronal accumulation of γH2AX and impaired amyloid precursor protein proteolysis because of insulin inability to inhibit its interaction with the Fe65 adapter protein and to prevent formation and deposition of β-amyloid.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезнь Альцгеймера</kwd><kwd>церебральная инсулинорезистентность</kwd><kwd>ген инсулина</kwd><kwd>лактат</kwd><kwd>Fe65</kwd><kwd>γH2AX</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Alzheimer's disease</kwd><kwd>cerebral insulin resistance</kwd><kwd>insulin gene</kwd><kwd>lactate</kwd><kwd>Fe65</kwd><kwd>γH2AX</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта Президента РФ для государственной поддержки ведущих научных школ РФ (НШ-2547.2020.7).</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>This work was supported by a grant from the President of the Russian Federation for State Support of Leading Scientific Schools of the Russian Federation (SS-2547.2020.7).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masters CL, Bateman R, Blennow K, Rowe CC, Sperling RA, Cummings JL. Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15056. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.56</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masters CL, Bateman R, Blennow K, Rowe CC, Sperling RA, Cummings JL. Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15056. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.56</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El Haj M, Colombel F, Kapogiannis D, Gallouj K. False Memory in Alzheimer's Disease. Behav Neurol. 2020;2020:5284504. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5284504</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El Haj M, Colombel F, Kapogiannis D, Gallouj K. False Memory in Alzheimer's Disease. Behav Neurol. 2020;2020:5284504. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5284504</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fonte C, Smania N, Pedrinolla A, Munari D, Gandolfi M, Picelli A, Varalta V, Benetti MV, Brugnera A, Federico A, Muti E, Tamburin S, Schena F, Venturelli M. Comparison between physical and cognitive treatment in patients with MCI and Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11(10):3138-3155. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101970</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fonte C, Smania N, Pedrinolla A, Munari D, Gandolfi M, Picelli A, Varalta V, Benetti MV, Brugnera A, Federico A, Muti E, Tamburin S, Schena F, Venturelli M. Comparison between physical and cognitive treatment in patients with MCI and Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11(10):3138-3155. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101970</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selkoe DJ, Hardy J. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease at 25 years. EMBO Mol Med. 2016;8(6):595-608. https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.201606210</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selkoe DJ, Hardy J. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease at 25 years. EMBO Mol Med. 2016;8(6):595-608. https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.201606210</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson LA. APOE and metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2020;154:131-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson LA. APOE and metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2020;154:131-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clarke JR, Ribeiro FC, Frozza RL, De Felice FG, Lourenco MV. Metabolic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: From Basic Neurobiology to Clinical Approaches. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;64(s1):S405-S426. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-179911</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clarke JR, Ribeiro FC, Frozza RL, De Felice FG, Lourenco MV. Metabolic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: From Basic Neurobiology to Clinical Approaches. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;64(s1):S405-S426. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-179911</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raffaitin C, Gin H, Empana JP, Helmer C, Berr C, Tzourio C, Portet F, Dartigues JF, Alpérovitch A, Barberger-Gateau P. Metabolic syndrome and risk for incident Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia: the Three-City Study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):169-174. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-0272</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raffaitin C, Gin H, Empana JP, Helmer C, Berr C, Tzourio C, Portet F, Dartigues JF, Alpérovitch A, Barberger-Gateau P. Metabolic syndrome and risk for incident Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia: the Three-City Study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):169-174. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-0272</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mistur R, Mosconi L, De Santi S, Guzman M, Li Y, Tsui W, de Leon MJ. Current Challenges for the Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease: Brain Imaging and CSF Studies. J Clin Neurol. 2009;5(4):153-166. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2009.5.4.153</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mistur R, Mosconi L, De Santi S, Guzman M, Li Y, Tsui W, de Leon MJ. Current Challenges for the Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease: Brain Imaging and CSF Studies. J Clin Neurol. 2009;5(4):153-166. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2009.5.4.153</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Croteau E, Castellano CA, Fortier M, Bocti C, Fulop T, Paquet N, Cunnane SC. A cross-sectional comparison of brain glucose and ketone metabolism in cognitively healthy older adults, mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol. 2018;107:18-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2017.07.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Croteau E, Castellano CA, Fortier M, Bocti C, Fulop T, Paquet N, Cunnane SC. A cross-sectional comparison of brain glucose and ketone metabolism in cognitively healthy older adults, mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol. 2018;107:18-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2017.07.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knezovic A, Barilar JO, Babic A, Bagaric R, Farkas V, Riederer P, Salkovic-Petrisic M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 mediates effects of oral galactose in streptozotocin-induced rat model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropharmacology. 2018;135:48-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knezovic A, Barilar JO, Babic A, Bagaric R, Farkas V, Riederer P, Salkovic-Petrisic M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 mediates effects of oral galactose in streptozotocin-induced rat model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropharmacology. 2018;135:48-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tramutola A, Sharma N, Barone E, Lanzillotta C, Castellani A, Iavarone F, Vincenzoni F, Castagnola M, Butterfield DA, Gaetani S, Cassano T, Perluigi M, Di Domenico F. Proteomic identification of altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2018;1864(10):3309-3321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tramutola A, Sharma N, Barone E, Lanzillotta C, Castellani A, Iavarone F, Vincenzoni F, Castagnola M, Butterfield DA, Gaetani S, Cassano T, Perluigi M, Di Domenico F. Proteomic identification of altered protein O-GlcNAcylation in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2018;1864(10):3309-3321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wakabayashi T, Yamaguchi K, Matsui K, Sano T, Kubota T, Hashimoto T, Mano A, Yamada K, Matsuo Y, Kubota N, Kadowaki T, Iwatsubo T. Differential effects of diet- and genetically-induced brain insulin resistance on amyloid pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2019;14(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-019-0315-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wakabayashi T, Yamaguchi K, Matsui K, Sano T, Kubota T, Hashimoto T, Mano A, Yamada K, Matsuo Y, Kubota N, Kadowaki T, Iwatsubo T. Differential effects of diet- and genetically-induced brain insulin resistance on amyloid pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2019;14(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-019-0315-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta S, Yadav K, Mantri SS, Singhal NK, Ganesh S, Sandhir R. Evidence for Compromised Insulin Signaling and Neuronal Vulnerability in Experimental Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55(12):8916-8935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-0985-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gupta S, Yadav K, Mantri SS, Singhal NK, Ganesh S, Sandhir R. Evidence for Compromised Insulin Signaling and Neuronal Vulnerability in Experimental Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55(12):8916-8935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-0985-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Werner H, LeRoith D. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors in the brain: physiological and pathological aspects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24(12):1947-1953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.01.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Werner H, LeRoith D. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors in the brain: physiological and pathological aspects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24(12):1947-1953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.01.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banks WA, Owen JB, Erickson MA. Insulin in the brain. Pharmacol. Ther. 2012;136:82-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banks WA, Owen JB, Erickson MA. Insulin in the brain. Pharmacol. Ther. 2012;136:82-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rhea EM, Torres ERS, Raber J, Banks WA. Insulin BBB pharmacokinetics in young apoE male and female transgenic mice. PLOS ONE. 2020;15(1):e0228455. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228455</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rhea EM, Torres ERS, Raber J, Banks WA. Insulin BBB pharmacokinetics in young apoE male and female transgenic mice. PLOS ONE. 2020;15(1):e0228455. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228455</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takano K, Koarashi K, Kawabe K, Itakura M, Nakajima H, Moriyama M, Nakamura Y. Insulin expression in cultured astrocytes and the decrease by amyloid β. Neurochem Int. 2018;119:171-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takano K, Koarashi K, Kawabe K, Itakura M, Nakajima H, Moriyama M, Nakamura Y. Insulin expression in cultured astrocytes and the decrease by amyloid β. Neurochem Int. 2018;119:171-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blázquez E, Velázquez E, Hurtado-Carneiro V, Ruiz-Albusac JM. I Insulin in the brain: its pathophysiological implications for States related with central insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Frontiers in Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00161</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blázquez E, Velázquez E, Hurtado-Carneiro V, Ruiz-Albusac JM. I Insulin in the brain: its pathophysiological implications for States related with central insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Frontiers in Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00161</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghasemi R, Haeri A, Dargahi L, Mohamed Z, Ahmadiani A. Insulin in the brain: sources, localization and functions. Mol Neurobiol. 2013;47(1):145-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-012-8339-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghasemi R, Haeri A, Dargahi L, Mohamed Z, Ahmadiani A. Insulin in the brain: sources, localization and functions. Mol Neurobiol. 2013;47(1):145-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-012-8339-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haapasalo A, Kovacs DM. The Many Substrates of Presenilin/γ-Secretase. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;25(1):3-28. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2011-101065</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haapasalo A, Kovacs DM. The Many Substrates of Presenilin/γ-Secretase. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;25(1):3-28. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2011-101065</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Picone P, Giacomazza D, Vetri V, Carrotta R, Militello V, San Biagio PL, Di Carlo M. Insulin-activated Akt rescues Aβ oxidative stress-induced cell death by orchestrating molecular trafficking: Insulin signalling antagonizes Aβ toxicity. Aging Cell. 2011;10(5):832-843. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00724.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Picone P, Giacomazza D, Vetri V, Carrotta R, Militello V, San Biagio PL, Di Carlo M. Insulin-activated Akt rescues Aβ oxidative stress-induced cell death by orchestrating molecular trafficking: Insulin signalling antagonizes Aβ toxicity. Aging Cell. 2011;10(5):832-843. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00724.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stöhr O, Schilbach K, Moll L, Hettich MM, Freude S, Wunderlich FT, Ernst M, Zemva J, Brüning JC, Krone W, Udelhoven M, Schubert M. Insulin receptor signaling mediates APP processing and β-amyloid accumulation without altering survival in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Age (Dordr). 2013;35(1):83-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-011-9333-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stöhr O, Schilbach K, Moll L, Hettich MM, Freude S, Wunderlich FT, Ernst M, Zemva J, Brüning JC, Krone W, Udelhoven M, Schubert M. Insulin receptor signaling mediates APP processing and β-amyloid accumulation without altering survival in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Age (Dordr). 2013;35(1):83-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-011-9333-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pandini G, Pace V, Copani A, Squatrito S, Milardi D, Vigneri R. Insulin Has Multiple Antiamyloidogenic Effects on Human Neuronal Cells. Endocrinology. 2013;154(1):375-387. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1661</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pandini G, Pace V, Copani A, Squatrito S, Milardi D, Vigneri R. Insulin Has Multiple Antiamyloidogenic Effects on Human Neuronal Cells. Endocrinology. 2013;154(1):375-387. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1661</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epelbaum S, Youssef I, Lacor PN, Chaurand P, Duplus E, Brugg B, Duyckaerts C, Delatour B. Acute amnestic encephalopathy in amyloid- β oligomer-injected mice is due to their widespread diffusion in vivo. Neurobiol Aging. 2015;36(6):2043-2052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.03.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epelbaum S, Youssef I, Lacor PN, Chaurand P, Duplus E, Brugg B, Duyckaerts C, Delatour B. Acute amnestic encephalopathy in amyloid- β oligomer-injected mice is due to their widespread diffusion in vivo. Neurobiol Aging. 2015;36(6):2043-2052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.03.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sipos E, Kurunczi A, Kasza A, Horvath J, Felszeghy K, Laroche S, Toldi J, Parducz A, Penke B, Penke Z. Beta-amyloid pathology in the entorhinal cortex of rats induces memory deficits: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience. 2007;147(1):28-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sipos E, Kurunczi A, Kasza A, Horvath J, Felszeghy K, Laroche S, Toldi J, Parducz A, Penke B, Penke Z. Beta-amyloid pathology in the entorhinal cortex of rats induces memory deficits: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience. 2007;147(1):28-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Комлева Ю.К., Малиновская Н.А., Горина Я.В., Лопатина О.Л., Волкова В.В., Салмина А.Б. Экспрессия молекул CD38 и CD157 в ольфакторных луковицах головного мозга при экспериментальной болезни Альцгеймера. Сибирское медицинское обозрение. 2015;5:45-49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Komleva YK, Malinovskaya NA, Gorina YV, Lopatina OL, Volkova VV, Salmina AB. CD38 and CD157 expression in the olfactory bulbs in experimental Alzheimer''s disease. Siberian medical review. 2015;5:45-49. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горина Я.В., Комлева Ю.К., Лопатина О.Л., Черных А.И., Салмина А.Б. Экспрессия молекул-компонентов инсулин-опосредованной сигнальной трансдукции в клетках головного мозга при экспериментальной болезни Альцгеймера. Анналы клиниче- ской и экспериментальной неврологии. 2019;13(4):1-7. https://doi.org/10.25692/ACEN.2019.4.5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorina YV, Komleva YK, Lopatina OL, Chernykh AI, Salmina AB. Molecular expression of insulin signal transduction components in brain cells in an experimental model of alzheimer's disease. Annals of clinical and experimental neurology. 2019;13(4):1-7. (In Russ). https://doi.org/10.25692/ACEN.2019.4.5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Encinas JM, Enikolopov G. Identifying and quantitating neural stem and progenitor cells in the adult brain. Methods Cell Biol. 2008;85:243-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-679X(08)85011-X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Encinas JM, Enikolopov G. Identifying and quantitating neural stem and progenitor cells in the adult brain. Methods Cell Biol. 2008;85:243-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-679X(08)85011-X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salcedo I, Tweedie D, Li Y, Greig NH. Neuroprotective and neurotrophic actions of glucagon-like peptide-1: an emerging opportunity to treat neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders: Neurological benefits of GLP-1 receptor activation. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;166(5):1586-1599. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01971.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salcedo I, Tweedie D, Li Y, Greig NH. Neuroprotective and neurotrophic actions of glucagon-like peptide-1: an emerging opportunity to treat neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders: Neurological benefits of GLP-1 receptor activation. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;166(5):1586-1599. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01971.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu L-Y, Pei Y. Insulin Neuroprotection and the Mechanisms. Chin Med J (Engl). 2015;128(7):976-981. https://doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.154323</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu L-Y, Pei Y. Insulin Neuroprotection and the Mechanisms. Chin Med J (Engl). 2015;128(7):976-981. https://doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.154323</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazucanti CH, Liu QR, Lang D, Huang N, O'Connell JF, Camandola S, Egan JM. Release of insulin produced by the choroid plexis is regulated by serotonergic signaling. JCI Insight. 2019;4(23):e131682. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.131682</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazucanti CH, Liu QR, Lang D, Huang N, O'Connell JF, Camandola S, Egan JM. Release of insulin produced by the choroid plexis is regulated by serotonergic signaling. JCI Insight. 2019;4(23):e131682. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.131682</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sripetchwandee J, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Links Between Obesity-Induced Brain Insulin Resistance, Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Dementia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:496. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00496</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sripetchwandee J, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Links Between Obesity-Induced Brain Insulin Resistance, Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Dementia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:496. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00496</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Z, Zhong C. Decoding Alzheimer’s disease from perturbed cerebral glucose metabolism: Implications for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Prog Neurobiol. 2013;108:21-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Z, Zhong C. Decoding Alzheimer’s disease from perturbed cerebral glucose metabolism: Implications for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Prog Neurobiol. 2013;108:21-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frölich L, Blum-Degen D, Bernstein HG, Engelsberger S, Humrich J, Laufer S, Muschner D, Thalheimer A, Türk A, Hoyer S, Zöchling R, Boissl KW, Jellinger K, Riederer P. Brain insulin and insulin receptors in aging and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1998;105(4-5):423-438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020050068</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frölich L, Blum-Degen D, Bernstein HG, Engelsberger S, Humrich J, Laufer S, Muschner D, Thalheimer A, Türk A, Hoyer S, Zöchling R, Boissl KW, Jellinger K, Riederer P. Brain insulin and insulin receptors in aging and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1998;105(4-5):423-438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020050068</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Craft S, Peskind E, Schwartz MW, Schellenberg GD, Raskind M, Porte DJr. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma insulin levels in Alzheimer’s disease: Relationship to severity of dementia and apolipoprotein E genotype. Neurology. 1998;50(1):164-168. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.50.1.164</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Craft S, Peskind E, Schwartz MW, Schellenberg GD, Raskind M, Porte DJr. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma insulin levels in Alzheimer’s disease: Relationship to severity of dementia and apolipoprotein E genotype. Neurology. 1998;50(1):164-168. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.50.1.164</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujisawa Y, Sasaki K, Akiyama K. Increased insulin levels after OGTT load in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia of Alzheimer type. Biol Psychiatry. 1991;30(12):1219-1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(91)90158-i</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujisawa Y, Sasaki K, Akiyama K. Increased insulin levels after OGTT load in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia of Alzheimer type. Biol Psychiatry. 1991;30(12):1219-1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(91)90158-i</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molina JA, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Vargas C, Gómez P, de Bustos F, Gómez-Escalonilla C, Zurdo M, Tallón A, Martínez-Salio A, Porta-Etessam J, Villanueva C, Arenas J. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of insulin in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: Insulin and Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002;106(6):347-350. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0404.2002.01326.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molina JA, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Vargas C, Gómez P, de Bustos F, Gómez-Escalonilla C, Zurdo M, Tallón A, Martínez-Salio A, Porta-Etessam J, Villanueva C, Arenas J. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of insulin in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: Insulin and Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002;106(6):347-350. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0404.2002.01326.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chan ES, Chen C, Soong TW, Wong BS. Differential Binding of Human ApoE Isoforms to Insulin Receptor is Associated with Aberrant Insulin Signaling in AD Brain Samples. Neuromolecular Med. 2018;20(1):124-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-018-8480-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chan ES, Chen C, Soong TW, Wong BS. Differential Binding of Human ApoE Isoforms to Insulin Receptor is Associated with Aberrant Insulin Signaling in AD Brain Samples. Neuromolecular Med. 2018;20(1):124-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-018-8480-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rivera EJ, Goldin A, Fulmer N, Tavares R, Wands J R, de la Monte SM. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and function deteriorate with progression of Alzheimer’s disease: link to brain reductions in acetylcholine. J Alzheimers Dis. 2005;8(3):247-268. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-2005-8304</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rivera EJ, Goldin A, Fulmer N, Tavares R, Wands J R, de la Monte SM. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and function deteriorate with progression of Alzheimer’s disease: link to brain reductions in acetylcholine. J Alzheimers Dis. 2005;8(3):247-268. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-2005-8304</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoyer S. The brain insulin signal transduction system and sporadic (type II) Alzheimer disease: an update. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002;109(3):341-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020200028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoyer S. The brain insulin signal transduction system and sporadic (type II) Alzheimer disease: an update. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002;109(3):341-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020200028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoyer S. The aging brain. Changes in the neuronal insulin/insulin receptor signal transduction cascade trigger late-onset sporadic Alzheimer disease (SAD). A mini-review. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002;109(7-8):991-1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020200082</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoyer S. The aging brain. Changes in the neuronal insulin/insulin receptor signal transduction cascade trigger late-onset sporadic Alzheimer disease (SAD). A mini-review. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002;109(7-8):991-1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020200082</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mamelak M. Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease: The Starving Brain. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;31(3):459-474. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-120370</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mamelak M. Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease: The Starving Brain. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;31(3):459-74. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-120370</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoyer S. The young-adult and normally aged brain. Its blood flow and oxidative metabolism. A review - part I. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1982;1(2):101-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4943(82)90010-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoyer S. The young-adult and normally aged brain. Its blood flow and oxidative metabolism. A review - part I. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1982;1(2):101-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4943(82)90010-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ding F, Yao J, Rettberg JR, Chen S, Brinton RD. Early Decline in Glucose Transport and Metabolism Precedes Shift to Ketogenic System in Female Aging and Alzheimer’s Mouse Brain: Implication for Bioenergetic Intervention. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79977. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079977</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ding F, Yao J, Rettberg JR, Chen S, Brinton RD. Early Decline in Glucose Transport and Metabolism Precedes Shift to Ketogenic System in Female Aging and Alzheimer’s Mouse Brain: Implication for Bioenergetic Intervention. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79977. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079977</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">An Y, Varma VR, Varma S, Casanova R, Dammer E, Pletnikova O, Chia CW, Egan JM, Ferrucci L, Troncoso J, Levey AI, Lah J, Seyfried NT, Legido-Quigley C, O'Brien R, Thambisetty M. Evidence for brain glucose dysregulation in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(3):318-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.09.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">An Y, Varma VR, Varma S, Casanova R, Dammer E, Pletnikova O, Chia CW, Egan JM, Ferrucci L, Troncoso J, Levey AI, Lah J, Seyfried NT, Legido-Quigley C, O'Brien R, Thambisetty M. Evidence for brain glucose dysregulation in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(3):318-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.09.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tarczyluk MA, Nagel DA, Rhein Parri H, Tse EH, Brown JE, Coleman MD, Hill EJ. Amyloid β 1-42 Induces Hypometabolism in Human Stem Cell-Derived Neuron and Astrocyte Networks. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 201535(8):1348-1357. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2015.58</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarczyluk MA, Nagel DA, Rhein Parri H, Tse EH, Brown JE, Coleman MD, Hill EJ. Amyloid β 1-42 Induces Hypometabolism in Human Stem Cell-Derived Neuron and Astrocyte Networks. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 201535(8):1348-1357. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2015.58</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atlante A, de Bari L, Bobba A, Amadoro G. A disease with a sweet tooth: exploring the Warburg effect in Alzheimer’s disease. Biogerontology. 2017;18(3):301-319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-017-9692-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atlante A, de Bari L, Bobba A, Amadoro G. A disease with a sweet tooth: exploring the Warburg effect in Alzheimer’s disease. Biogerontology. 2017;18(3):301-319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-017-9692-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Magistretti PJ, Allaman IA Cellular Perspective on Brain Energy Metabolism and Functional Imaging. Neuron. 2015;86(4):883-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magistretti PJ, Allaman IA Cellular Perspective on Brain Energy Metabolism and Functional Imaging. Neuron. 2015;86(4):883-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Redjems-Bennani N, Jeandel C, Lefebvre E, Blain H, Vidailhet M, Guéant JL. Abnormal Substrate Levels That Depend upon Mitochondrial Function in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Alzheimer Patients. Gerontology. 1998;44(5):300-304. https://doi.org/10.1159/000022031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Redjems-Bennani N, Jeandel C, Lefebvre E, Blain H, Vidailhet M, Guéant JL. Abnormal Substrate Levels That Depend upon Mitochondrial Function in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Alzheimer Patients. Gerontology. 1998;44(5):300-304. https://doi.org/10.1159/000022031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bero AW, Yan P, Roh JH, Cirrito JR, Stewart FR, Raichle ME, Lee JM, Holtzman DM. Neuronal activity regulates the regional vulnerability to amyloid-β deposition. Nat Neurosci. 2011;14(6):750-756. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2801</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bero AW, Yan P, Roh JH, Cirrito JR, Stewart FR, Raichle ME, Lee JM, Holtzman DM. Neuronal activity regulates the regional vulnerability to amyloid-β deposition. Nat Neurosci. 2011;14(6):750-756. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2801</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vlassenko AG, Vaishnavi SN, Couture L, Sacco D, Shannon BJ, Mach RH, Morris JC, Raichle ME, Mintun MA. Spatial correlation between brain aerobic glycolysis and amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(41):17763-17767. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010461107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlassenko AG, Vaishnavi SN, Couture L, Sacco D, Shannon BJ, Mach RH, Morris JC, Raichle ME, Mintun MA. Spatial correlation between brain aerobic glycolysis and amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(41):17763-17767. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010461107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minopoli G, Gargiulo A, Parisi S, Russo T. Fe65 matters: New light on an old molecule. IUBMB Life. 2012;64(12):936-942. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.1094</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minopoli G, Gargiulo A, Parisi S, Russo T. Fe65 matters: New light on an old molecule. IUBMB Life. 2012;64(12):936-942. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.1094</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strecker P, Ludewig S, Rust M, Mundinger TA, Görlich A, Krächan EG, Mehrfeld C, Herz J, Korte M, Guénette SY, Kins S. FE65 and FE65L1 share common synaptic functions and genetically interact with the APP family in neuromuscular junction formation. Sci Rep. 2016;6:25652. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25652</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strecker P, Ludewig S, Rust M, Mundinger TA, Görlich A, Krächan EG, Mehrfeld C, Herz J, Korte M, Guénette SY, Kins S. FE65 and FE65L1 share common synaptic functions and genetically interact with the APP family in neuromuscular junction formation. Sci Rep. 2016;6:25652. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25652</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kesavapany S, Banner SJ, Lau K-F, Shaw CE, Miller CCJ, Cooper JD, McLoughlin DM. Expression of the Fe65 adapter protein in adult and developing mouse brain. Neuroscience. 2002;115(3):951-960. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00422-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kesavapany S, Banner SJ, Lau K-F, Shaw CE, Miller CCJ, Cooper JD, McLoughlin DM. Expression of the Fe65 adapter protein in adult and developing mouse brain. Neuroscience. 2002;115(3):951-960. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00422-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delatour B, Mercken L, El Hachimi KH, Colle MA, Pradier L, Duyckaerts C. FE65 in Alzheimer’s disease: neuronal distribution and association with neurofibrillary tangles. Am J Pathol. 2001;158(5):1585-1591. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64113-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delatour B, Mercken L, El Hachimi KH, Colle MA, Pradier L, Duyckaerts C. FE65 in Alzheimer’s disease: neuronal distribution and association with neurofibrillary tangles. Am J Pathol. 2001;158(5):1585-1591. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64113-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suh J, Lyckman A, Wang L, Eckman EA, Guénette SY. FE65 proteins regulate NMDA receptor activation-induced amyloid precursor protein processing. J Neurochem. 2011;119(2):377-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07419.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suh J, Lyckman A, Wang L, Eckman EA, Guénette SY. FE65 proteins regulate NMDA receptor activation-induced amyloid precursor protein processing. J Neurochem. 2011;119(2):377-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07419.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santiard-Baron D, Langui D, Delehedde M, Delatour B, Schombert B, Touchet N, Tremp G, Paul MF, Blanchard V, Sergeant N, Delacourte A, Duyckaerts C, Pradier L, Mercken L. Expression of human FE65 in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice is associated with a reduction in beta-amyloid load. J Neurochem. 2005;93(2):330-338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03026.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santiard-Baron D, Langui D, Delehedde M, Delatour B, Schombert B, Touchet N, Tremp G, Paul MF, Blanchard V, Sergeant N, Delacourte A, Duyckaerts C, Pradier L, Mercken L. Expression of human FE65 in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice is associated with a reduction in beta-amyloid load. J Neurochem. 2005;93(2):330-338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03026.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">d’Uscio LV, He T, Katusic ZS. Expression and Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein in Vascular Endothelium. Physiology (Bethesda). 2017;32(1):20-32. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00021.2016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">d’Uscio LV, He T, Katusic ZS. Expression and Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein in Vascular Endothelium. Physiology (Bethesda). 2017;32(1):20-32. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00021.2016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горина Я.В., Осипова Е.Д., Моргун А.В., Лопатина О.Л., Харитонова Е.В., Салмина А.Б. Особенности экспрессии бета-а-милоида в клетках церебрального эндотелия при эксперименталььной болезни Альцгеймера. Молекулярная медицина. 2021;19(2):26-33. https://doi.org/10.29296/24999490-2021-02-04</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorina YV, Osipova ED, Morgun AV, Lopatina OL, Kharitonova EV, Salmina AB. Features of beta-amyloid expression in cerebral endothelial cells in experimental Alzheimer's disease. Molekulyarnaya medicina. 2021;19(2):26-33. (In Russ). https://doi.org/10.29296/24999490-2021-02-04</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porcellotti S, Fanelli F, Fracassi A, Sepe S, Cecconi F, Bernardi C, Cimini A, Cerù MP, Moreno S. Oxidative Stress during the Progression of β -Amyloid Pathology in the Neocortex of the Tg2576 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:967203. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/967203</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porcellotti S, Fanelli F, Fracassi A, Sepe S, Cecconi F, Bernardi C, Cimini A, Cerù MP, Moreno S. Oxidative Stress during the Progression of β-Amyloid Pathology in the Neocortex of the Tg2576 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:967203. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/967203</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Praticò D. Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer’s disease: a reappraisal. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2008;29(12):609-615. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2008.09.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Praticò D. Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer’s disease: a reappraisal. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2008;29(12):609-615. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2008.09.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madabhushi R, Pan L, Tsai LH. DNA Damage and Its Links to Neurodegeneration. Neuron. 2014;83(2):266-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madabhushi R, Pan L, Tsai LH. DNA Damage and Its Links to Neurodegeneration. Neuron. 2014;83(2):266-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siddiqui MS, Francois M, Hecker J, Faunt J, Fenech MF, Leifert WR. γH2AX is increased in peripheral blood lymphocytes of Alzheimer’s disease patients in the South Australian Neurodegeneration, Nutrition and DNA Damage (SAND) study of aging. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2018;829-830:6-18. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.03.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siddiqui MS, Francois M, Hecker J, Faunt J, Fenech MF, Leifert WR. γH2AX is increased in peripheral blood lymphocytes of Alzheimer’s disease patients in the South Australian Neurodegeneration, Nutrition and DNA Damage (SAND) study of aging. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2018;829-830:6-18. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.03.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Myung NH, Zhu X, Kruman II, Castellani RJ, Petersen RB, Siedlak SL, Perry G, Smith MA, Lee HG. Evidence of DNA damage in Alzheimer disease: phosphorylation of histone H2AX in astrocytes. Age (Dordr). 2008;30(4):209-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-008-9050-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myung NH, Zhu X, Kruman II, Castellani RJ, Petersen RB, Siedlak SL, Perry G, Smith MA, Lee HG. Evidence of DNA damage in Alzheimer disease: phosphorylation of histone H2AX in astrocytes. Age (Dordr). 2008;30(4):209-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-008-9050-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
