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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fcmedicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Clinical Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-0764</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-0941</issn><publisher><publisher-name>КемГМУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23946/2500-0764-2021-6-4-142-150</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fcmedicine-476</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Цитогенетические методы в практике современных медико-биологических исследований. часть i: история и теоретические основы цитогенетики человека</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Сytogenetic techniques in current biomedical research. part i: history and theoretical basis of human cytogenetics</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-715X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волков</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волков Алексей Николаевич, кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры биологии с основами генетики и паразитологии</p><p>650025, г. Кемерово, ул. Ворошилова, д. 22а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey N. Volkov, Dr. PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Genetics and Parasitology</p><p>22a, Voroshilova Street, 650056</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">volkov_alex@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3148-8788</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Начева</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nacheva</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Начева Любовь Васильевна, доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой биологии с основами генетики и паразитологии</p><p>650025, г. Кемерово, ул. Ворошилова, д. 22а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyubov V. Nacheva, Prof. MD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Department of Biology, Genetics, and Parasitology</p><p>22a, Voroshilova Street, 650056</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kemerovo State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>142</fpage><lpage>150</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Волков А.Н., Начева Л.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волков А.Н., Начева Л.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volkov A.N., Nacheva L.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/476">https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/476</self-uri><abstract><p>В медицине исследование хромосом является незаменимым методом установления генетических причин ряда заболеваний и функциональных нарушений у человека на разных этапах онтогенеза. Геномные и хромосомные мутации являются распространенной причиной возникновения пороков развития в раннем неонатальном периоде, снижения репродуктивной функции, аномального течения беременности. Генетический скрининг хромосомных аномалий и пороков развития плода является мощным инструментом для снижения генетического груза в популяциях человека, уменьшения материальной, психологической и социальной нагрузки на отдельно взятую семью и общество. Предлагаемая статья начинает цикл лекций о цитогенетике человека, ее теоретических основах и практическом применении в медико-биологических исследованиях. Она познакомит читателей с краткой историей науки, теоретическими принципами, лежащими в основе цитогенетического исследования, и техникой проведения таких исследований. Обсуждается строение хромосом человека, их классификация и структура нормального кариотипа человека. Лекция ориентирована, прежде всего, на студентов медико-биологических специальностей, молодых специалистов, планирующих использовать в своей практической деятельности цитогенетические методы исследований, и врачей, сталкивающихся с необходимостью анализировать и интерпретировать результаты цитогенетического анализа.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cytogenetics is an essential part of human genetics which studies the structure of chromosomes and their collection which is called karyotype. Cytogenetic techniques are employed while interrogating DNA organisation and compaction. Analysis of the chromosomal structure contributes to uncovering the molecular basis of various cellular processes in normal and pathological conditions. Furthermore, spectrum and frequency of chromosome abnormalities serves as an indicator of mutagenic effects. Cytogenetic techniques became indispensable for discovering the genetic causes of human diseases at different stages of ontogenesis. Genetic abnormalities are a common cause of impaired reproductive function, abnormal pregnancy, and neonatal malformations. Genetic screening for chromosomal abnormalities and congenital anomalies is a powerful tool for reducing the genetic load in human populations as well as disease, psychological and social burden on families and societies. This paper begins the cycle of lectures on molecular basis of human cytogenetics, cytogenetic techniques, and the corresponding research and clinical applications. The lecture is primarily aimed at biomedical students and physicians who often have an unmet need to analyse and interpret the results of cytogenetic analyses.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цитогенетика человека</kwd><kwd>хромосомы</kwd><kwd>кариотип</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>human cytogenetics</kwd><kwd>chromosomes</kwd><kwd>karyotype</kwd><kwd>mutations</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hochstenbach R, Liehr T, Hastings RJ. Chromosomes in the genomic age. Preserving cytogenomic competence of diagnostic genome laboratories. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2021;29(4):541-552. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-00780-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hochstenbach R, Liehr T, Hastings RJ. Chromosomes in the genomic age. 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