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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fcmedicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Clinical Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-0764</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-0941</issn><publisher><publisher-name>КемГМУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23946/2500-0764-2022-7-3-85-96</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fcmedicine-576</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Цитогенетические методы в практике современных медико-биологических исследований. ЧАСТЬ III: числовые аномалии кариотипа человека</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cytogenetic techniques in current biomedical research. PART III: numerical alterations of human karyotype</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-715X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волков</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волков Алексей Николаевич, кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры биологии с основами генетики и паразитологии </p><p>650056, Россия, г. Кемерово, ул. Ворошилова, д. 22а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey N. Volkov, PhD, associate professor, Department of Biology, Genetics and Parasitology</p><p>22a, Voroshilova Street, Kemerovo, 650056, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">volkov_alex@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2171-702X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рытенкова</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rytenkova</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рытенкова Оксана Ивановна, врач–лабораторный генетикмедико-генетической лаборатории </p><p>650066, Россия, г. Кемерово, Октябрьский пр., 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Oksana I. Rytenkova, MD, doctor - laboratory geneticist, medicalgenetic laboratory</p><p>22, Oktyabr’skiy Prospect, Kemerovo, 650066, Russian Federation </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kemerovo State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГАУЗ «Кузбасская областная клиническая больница имени С.В. Беляева»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kuzbass Regional Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>85</fpage><lpage>96</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Волков А.Н., Рытенкова О.И., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волков А.Н., Рытенкова О.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volkov A.N., Rytenkova O.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/576">https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/576</self-uri><abstract><p>Числовые аномалии кариотипа являются следствием геномных мутаций. В отличие от генныхи хромосомных аномалий, геномные мутации не приводят к нарушению структуры ДНК или хромосом. Причиной числовых изменений кариотипа является нарушение механизма расхождения хромосом в ходе мейоза или митоза. Как и прочие мутации, геномные мутации являются естественным механизмом повышения генетического разнообразия у потомства. При этом у человека обычно наблюдаются негативные эффекты любых численных отклонений от нормы, по этой причине цитогенетическое исследование анеуплоидий является важным диагностическим инструментом в медицинской генетике.Изменение числа половых хромосом обычно не является летальным. Спектр выявляемых отклонений у носителя – от непостоянных нарушений репродукции при нормальном фенотипе до пороков развития некоторых внутренних органов, бесплодия и тяжелых интеллектуальных нарушений. Анеуплоидии аутосом всегда несут угрозу жизни и здоровью. Совместимыми с живорождением являются только аутосомные трисомии по 13, 18, 21 и 22 хромосомам, имеются единичные сообщения о рождении детей с полиплоидиями. При этом прогноз жизни относительно благоприятный только в случае с трисомией 21, приводящей к формированию синдрома Дауна. Прочие анеуплоидии обычно приводят к спонтанному прерыванию беременности в ранние сроки и регистрируются в образцах абортного материала.В связи с этим цитогенетический анализ хромосомных анеуплоидий применяется для установления генетических причин аномалий и пороков развития в постнатальном периоде, задержки речевого и психомоторного развития, нарушения репродукции у взрослых. Особое значение имеет цитогенетический анализ кариотипа эмбрионов в пренатальном периоде. В предлагаемой лекции анализируется механизм формирования геномных мутаций и их разнообразие. Рассматриваются возможные медицинские последствия наличия различных типов анеуплоидий. Вниманию читателя предлагаются синдромы, связанные с изменением числа хромосом в кариотипе. Описание иллюстрируется реальными изображениями кариотипов пациентов.Лекция ориентирована, прежде всего, на студентов медико-биологических специальностей, молодых специалистов, планирующих использовать в своей практической деятельности цитогенетические методы исследований, и врачей, сталкивающихся с необходимостью анализировать и интерпретировать результаты цитогенетического анализа. Для усвоения обсуждаемого материала рекомендуется ознакомление с предыдущей лекцией цикла.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Numerical abnormalities of karyotype are the result of genome mutations. Unlike gene and chromosomal abnormalities, genome mutations do not disrupt the structure of DNA or chromosomes. The cause of numerical changes in the karyotype is a violation of the mechanism of chromosome segregation during meiosis or mitosis. Like other mutations, genome mutations are a natural mechanism for increasing of genetic diversity in offspring. At the same time, humans usually have negative effects of any numerical deviations from the norm, for this reason, cytogenetic examination of aneuploidies is an important diagnostic tool in medical genetics.A change in the number of sex chromosomes is usually not lethal. The spectrum of detected deviations in the carrier is from inconstant impairment of reproduction but a normal phenotype to malformations of some internal organs, infertility and severe intellectual disabilities. Aneuploidies of autosomes are always a threat to life and health. Only autosomal trisomies on chromosomes 13, 18, 21 and 22 are compatible with live birth, there are solitary reports of the birth of children with polyploidies. At the same time, the prognosis of life is relatively favorable only in the case of trisomy 21, leading to the formation of Down syndrome. Other aneuploidies usually lead to spontaneous termination of pregnancy in the early stages and are discovered in samples of abortion material.In this regard, cytogenetic analysis of chromosomal aneuploidies is used to establish the genetic cause of anomalies and malformations in the postnatal period, delays in speech and psychomotor development, reproduction disorders in adults. Of particular importance is the cytogenetic analysis of the karyotype of embryos in the prenatal period. The proposed lecture analyzes the mechanism of formation of genomic mutations and their diversity. The possible medical consequences of the presence of various types of aneuploidies are considered. To the reader attention is offered syndromes associated with a change in the number of chromosomes in the karyotype. The description is illustrated by real images of patient karyotypes.The lecture is aimed primarily at students of medical and biological specialties, young specialists who plan to use cytogenetic research methods in their practical activities, and doctors who are faced with the need to analyze and interpret the results of cytogenetic analysis. To assimilate the material under discussion, it is recommended to familiarize yourself with the previous lecture of the cycle.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цитогенетический анализ</kwd><kwd>кариотип</kwd><kwd>геномные мутации</kwd><kwd>анеуплоидии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cytogenetic analysis</kwd><kwd>karyotype</kwd><kwd>genome mutations</kwd><kwd>aneuploidies</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagaoka SI, Hassold TJ, Hunt PA. 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