<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fcmedicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Clinical Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-0764</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-0941</issn><publisher><publisher-name>КемГМУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23946/2500-0764-2023-8-1-32-42</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fcmedicine-674</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Пандемия COVID-19 у беременных низкой степени риска: конфаундеры заболевания и клиническая характеристика</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>COVID-19 pandemic in low-risk pregnant women in 2020-2022: disease confounders and clinical characteristics</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5447-4223</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белокриницкая</surname><given-names>Т. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belokrinitskaya</surname><given-names>T. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Белокриницкая Татьяна Евгеньевна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой акушерства и гинекологии педиатрического факультета и факультета ДПО</p><p>672000, г. Чита, ул. Горького, д. 39а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prof. Tatiana E. Belokrinitskaya, MD, DSc, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology</p><p>39a, Gorkogo Street, Chita, 672000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tanbell24@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7433-6012</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фролова</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Frolova</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фролова Наталия Ивановна, доктор медицинских наук, доцент кафедры акушерства и гинекологии педиатрического факультета и факультета ДПО</p><p>672000, г. Чита, ул. Горького, д. 39а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prof. Natalia I. Frolova, MD, DSc, Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology</p><p>39a, Gorkogo Street, Chita, 672000</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-6072</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каргина</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kargina</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каргина Кристина Андреевна, ассистент кафедры акушерстваи гинекологии педиатрического факультета и факультета ДПО</p><p>672000, г. Чита, ул. Горького, д. 39а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Kristina A. Kargina, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology</p><p>39a, Gorkogo Street, Chita, 672000</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2205-2384</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаметова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shametova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шаметова Евгения Александровна, ассистент кафедры акушерства и гинекологии педиатрического факультета и факультета ДПО</p><p>672000, г. Чита, ул. Горького, д. 39а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Evgenia A. Shametova, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology</p><p>39a, Gorkogo Street, Chita, 672000</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4342-7456</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чупрова</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chuprova</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чупрова Мария Игоревна, клинический ординатор кафедры акушерства и гинекологии педиатрического факультета и факультета ДПО</p><p>672000, г. Чита, ул. Горького, д. 39а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Maria I. Chuprova, MD, Medical Resident, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology</p><p>39a, Gorkogo Street, Chita, 672000</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9844-3760</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родионова</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodionova</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Родионова Кристина Александровна, клинический ординатор кафедры акушерства и гинекологии педиатрического факультета и факультета ДПО</p><p>672000, г. Чита, ул. Горького, д. 39а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Kristina A. Rodionova, MD, Medical Resident, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology</p><p>39a, Gorkogo Street, Chita, 672000</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Читинская государственная медицинская академия» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chita State Medical Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>32</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Белокриницкая Т.Е., Фролова Н.И., Каргина К.А., Шаметова Е.А., Чупрова М.И., Родионова К.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Белокриницкая Т.Е., Фролова Н.И., Каргина К.А., Шаметова Е.А., Чупрова М.И., Родионова К.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Belokrinitskaya T.E., Frolova N.I., Kargina K.A., Shametova E.A., Chuprova M.I., Rodionova K.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/674">https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/674</self-uri><abstract><p>Три года пандемии COVID-19 показали, что молодые женщины, не имеющие известных факторов риска и преморбидного фона, вносят определенный вклад в формирование показателей тяжёлой материнской заболеваемости и летальности от новой коронавирусной инфекции (НКИ). Цель. Выявить конфаундеры и дать клиническую характеристику COVID-19 у беременных низкой степени инфекционного риска в периоды эпидемических подъемов заболеваемости 2020−2022 года.Материалы и методы. В исследование включены беременные с клиническими проявлениями и лабораторно подтверждённой SARS-CoV-2-инфекцией: 1-я группа − в апреле − декабре 2020 года (n=163), 2-я группа − в мае − августе 2021 года (n=158), 3-я группа − в январе − феврале 2022 года (n=160). Группы сравнения составили по 100 беременных женщин, не заболевших в аналогичные периоды пандемии. Пациентки всех групп находились в 3-м триместре гестации, были сопоставимы по возрасту (18−35 лет), социальному статусу, паритету, индексу массы тела (ИМТ), не имели известных факторов риска COVID-19.Результаты. Устойчивыми конфаундерами заболеваемости COVID-19 беременных низкой степени риска оказались железодефицитная анемия, табакокурение, принадлежность к восточноазиатской этнической группе. В первый год пандемии из клинических проявлений НКИ у беременных преобладали снижение обоняния/вкуса (87,7%); сонливость (68,7%); одышка даже при лёгкой степени поражения лёгких (68,1%). Второй год пандемии характеризовался более тяжёлым течением COVID-19: повысилась частота стойкой лихорадки выше 38°C (19,6% vs 7,4%), пневмоний при КТ-исследовании (61,4% vs 21,4%), тяжёлых степеней поражения лёгких (КТ 3-4: 17,7% vs 4,9%), госпитализаций в реанимационные отделения (11,4% vs 6,4%), проведения инвазивной ИВЛ (1,89% vs 0), появились летальные исходы (0,63% vs 0). Клинические симптомы COVID-19 в эпидемию третьего года пандемии приобрели характер сезонного ОРВИ: преобладали насморк (66,7%) и кашель (54,4%), случаи развития пневмоний были единичны (3,8%).Заключение. Устойчивыми конфаундерами COVID-19 у беременных, не имеющих известных факторов риска в 3-м триместре гестации, являются железодефицитная анемия, табакокурение, принадлежность к восточно-азиатской этногруппе. В сохраняющихся условиях риска распространения SARS-CoV-2-инфекции необходим эпидемиологический контроль циркулирующих штаммов вируса и управление модифицируемыми факторами риска заболеваемости матерей − профилактика и коррекция железодефицита и отказ от курения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Aim. To identify confounders and clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in low-risk pregnant women during the pandemics from 2020 to 2022.Materials and Methods. The study included pregnant women with COVID-19: 1) those who have been admitted in October-December 2020 (n = 163); 2) those who have been admitted in May-August 2021 (n = 158); 3) those who have been admitted in January-February 2022 (n = 160). Patients in all groups were in the 3st trimester of gestation and were comparable in age (18–35 years), socioeconomic status, parity, body mass index, and had no established risk factors for COVID-19.Results. Iron deficiency anemia, tobacco smoking, and belonging to the East Asian ethnic group were recognized as reliable confounders for COVID-19 in pregnant women. In the 1st year of the pandemic, the most common symptoms were: loss of smell/taste (87.7%), somnolence (68,7%), and shortness of breath (68.1%). In the 2nd pandemic year, SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant more frequently resulted in fever above 38°C (19.6% vs 7.4%), pneumonia (61.4% vs 21.4%), respiratory failure (17.7% vs 4.9%), admission to intensive care unit (11.4% vs 6.4%), and invasive mechanical ventilation (1.89% vs 0). Symptoms of COVID-19 in the 3rd year of the pandemic were similar to those observed in seasonal acute respiratory viral infections: runny nose (66.7%) and cough (54.4%), whereas the cases of pneumonia were rare (3.8%).Conclusion. Among the most reliable confounders of COVID-19 in pregnant women without any risk factors in the 3rd trimester of gestation are iron deficiency anemia, tobacco smoking, and belonging to the East Asian ethnic group. Each SARS-CoV-2 variant provoked vastly different symptoms.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>беременность</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>клиника</kwd><kwd>пневмония</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pregnancy</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>clinical picture</kwd><kwd>pneumonia</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Выступление Генерального директора ВОЗ на пресс-брифинге по коронавирусной инфекции 2019-nCoV 11 февраля 2020 г. Ссылка активна на 21.01.2023. https://www.who.int/ru/directorgeneral/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-themedia-briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO Director-General's remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020. (In Russ). Available at: https:// www.who.int/ru/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-sremarks-at-themedia-briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020 Accessed: February 11, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коронавирус. Ссылка активна на 21.01.2023. https://www.who.int/ru/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-atthemedia-briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coronavirus (In Russ). Available at: https:// www.who.int/ru/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-themediabriefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020 Accessed: February 11, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Временные методические рекомендации. Профилактика, диагностика и лечение новой коронавирусной инфекции (covid-19). Версия 17. 14.12.2022. Ссылка активна на 21.01.2023. https://medrussia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/metodicheskierekomendacii-po-covid-17.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Temporary methodological recommendations. Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Version 17. 14.12.2022. (In Russ). Aviable on: https://static0.minzdrav.gov.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/061/254/original/%D0%92%D0%9C%D0%A0_COVID-19_V17.pdf?1671088207 Accessed: February 11, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharif N, Alzahrani KJ, Ahmed SN, Khan A, Banjer HJ, Alzahrani FM, Anowar KP, Shuvra DK. Genomic surveillance, evolution and global transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during 2019–2022. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(8):e0271074. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271074</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharif N, Alzahrani KJ, Ahmed SN, Khan A, Banjer HJ, Alzahrani FM, Anowar KP, Shuvra DK. Genomic surveillance, evolution and global transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during 2019–2022. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(8):e0271074. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271074</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jafari M, Pormohammad A, Sheikh Neshin SA, Ghorbani S, Bose D, Alimohammadi S, Basirjafari S, Mohammadi M, Rasmussen-Ivey C, Razizadeh MH, Nouri-Vaskeh M, Zarei M. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 and comparison with control patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(5):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2208</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jafari M, Pormohammad A, Sheikh Neshin SA, Ghorbani S, Bose D, Alimohammadi S, Basirjafari S, Mohammadi M, Rasmussen-Ivey C, Razizadeh MH, Nouri-Vaskeh M, Zarei M. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 and comparison with control patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(5):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2208</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белокриницкая Т.Е., Фролова Н.И., Колмакова К.А., Шаметова Е.А. Факторы риска и особенности течения COVID-19 у беременных: сравнительный анализ эпидемических вспышек 2020 и 2021 г. Гинекология. 2021;23(5):421-427. https://doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2021.5.201107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belokrinitskaya TE, Frolova NI, Kolmakova KA, Shametova EA. Risk factors and features of COVID-19 course in pregnant women: a comparative analysis of epidemic outbreaks in 2020 and 2021. Gynecology. 2021;23(5):421-427. (in Russ). https://doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2021.5.201107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knight M, Bunch K, Vousden N, Morris E, Simpson N, Gale Ch, O'Brien Р, Quigley М, Brocklehurs Р, Kurinczuk JJ. Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed infection in UK: national population based cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m2107. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knight M, Bunch K, Vousden N, Morris E, Simpson N, Gale Ch, O'Brien Р, Quigley М, Brocklehurs Р, Kurinczuk JJ. Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed infection in UK: national population based cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m2107. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белокриницкая Т.Е., Артымук Н.В., Филиппов О.С., Фролова Н.И. COVID-19 у беременных Сибири и Дальнего Востока: итоги 2 лет пандемии. Акушерство и гинекология. 2022;(4):47-54. https://doi.org/10.18565/aig.2022.4.47-54</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belokrinitskaya TE, Artymuk NV, Filippov OS, Frolova NI. COVID-19 in pregnant women of Siberia and the Russian Far East: 2-year results of the pandemic. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2022;(4):47-54 (in Russ). https://doi.org/10.18565/aig.2022.4.47-54</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chmielewska B, Barratt I, Townsend R, Kalafat E, van der Meulen J, Gurol-Urganci I, O'Brien P, Morris E, Draycott T, Thangaratinam Sh, Le Doare K, Ladhani Sh, von Dadelszen P, Magee L, Khalil A. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(6):e759-e772. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00079-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chmielewska B, Barratt I, Townsend R, Kalafat E, van der Meulen J, Gurol-Urganci I, O'Brien P, Morris E, Draycott T, Thangaratinam Sh, Le Doare K, Ladhani Sh, von Dadelszen P, Magee L, Khalil A. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(6):e759-e772. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00079-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Litman EA, Yin Y, Nelson SJ, Capbarat E, Kerchner D, Ahmadzia HK. Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in a Large US Birth Cohort During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Adverse Perinatal Outcomes During COVID-19. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2022; 4(3):100577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100577</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Litman EA, Yin Y, Nelson SJ, Capbarat E, Kerchner D, Ahmadzia HK. Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in a Large US Birth Cohort During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Adverse Perinatal Outcomes During COVID-19. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2022; 4(3):100577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100577</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Организация оказания медицинской помощи беременным, роженицам, родильницам и новорожденным при новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19. Методические рекомендации. Минздрав России. Версия 5. 28.12.2021. Ссылка активна на 21.01.2023. https://static-0.minzdrav.gov.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/059/052/original/BMP_preg_5.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Organization of medical care for pregnant women, women in labor, women in labor and newborns with a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Methodological recommendations. Ministry of Health of Russia. Version 5. 28.12.2021. (in Russ). Aviable on: https:// static0.minzdrav.gov.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/059/052/original/BMP_preg_5.pdf Accessed: February 11, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection in Pregnancy. Version 16: RCOG, updated Thursday15 December 2022. Ссылка активна на 21.01.2023. https://www.rcog.org.uk/media/ftzilsfj/2022-12-15-coronavirus-covid-19-infection-in-pregnancy-v16.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection in Pregnancy. Version 16: RCOG, updated Thursday15 December 2022. Available at: https:// www.rcog.org.uk/media/ftzilsfj/2022-12-15-coronavirus-covid-19-infection-in-pregnancy-v16.pdf. Accessed: February 11, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mihajlovic S, Nikolic D, Santric-Milicevic M, Milicic B, Rovcanin M, Acimovic A, Lackovic M. Four Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparison of Clinical and Pregnancy Outcomes. Viruses. 2022;14(12):2648. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122648.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mihajlovic S, Nikolic D, Santric-Milicevic M, Milicic B, Rovcanin M, Acimovic A, Lackovic M. Four Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparison of Clinical and Pregnancy Outcomes. Viruses. 2022;14(12):2648. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122648.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tang YM, Chen XZ, Li GR, Zhou RH, Ning H, Yan H. [Effects of iron deficiency anemia on immunity and infectious disease in pregnant women]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2006;35(1):79-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tang YM, Chen XZ, Li GR, Zhou RH, Ning H, Yan H. [Effects of iron deficiency anemia on immunity and infectious disease in pregnant women]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2006;35(1):79-81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garzon S, Cacciato PM, Certelli C, Salvaggio C, Magliarditi M, Rizzo G. Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy: Novel Approaches for an Old Problem. Oman Med J. 2020;35(5):e166. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2020.108</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garzon S, Cacciato PM, Certelli C, Salvaggio C, Magliarditi M, Rizzo G. Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy: Novel Approaches for an Old Problem. Oman Med J. 2020;35(5):e166. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2020.108</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/250796</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/250796</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bourgonje AR, Abdulle АE, Timens W, Hillebrands JL, Navis GJ, Gordijn SJ, Bolling MC, Dijkstra G, Voors AA, Osterhaus AD, Voort PH, Mulder DJ, Goor H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pathol. 2020;251(3):228-248. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.5471</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bourgonje AR, Abdulle АE, Timens W, Hillebrands JL, Navis GJ, Gordijn SJ, Bolling MC, Dijkstra G, Voors AA, Osterhaus AD, Voort PH, Mulder DJ, Goor H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pathol. 2020;251(3):228-248. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.5471</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cao Y, Li L, Feng Z, Wan S, Huang P, Sun X, Wen F, Huang X, Ning G, Wang W. Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations. Cell Discov. 2020;6:11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-020-0147-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cao Y, Li L, Feng Z, Wan S, Huang P, Sun X, Wen F, Huang X, Ning G, Wang W. Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019–nCoV/SARS–CoV–2) receptor ACE2 in different populations. Cell Discov. 2020;6:11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-020-0147-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abramovici A, Gandley RE, Clifton RG, Leveno KJ, Myatt L, Wapner RJ, Thorp JM Jr, Mercer MB, Peaceman АМ, Samuels Р, Sciscione А, Harper М, Saade G, Sorokin Y. Prenatal vitamin C and E supplementation in smokers is associated with reduced placental abruption and preterm birth: a secondary analysis. BJOG. 2015;122(13):1740-1747. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13201</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramovici A, Gandley RE, Clifton RG, Leveno KJ, Myatt L, Wapner RJ, Thorp JM Jr, Mercer MB, Peaceman АМ, Samuels Р, Sciscione А, Harper М, Saade G, Sorokin Y. Prenatal vitamin C and E supplementation in smokers is associated with reduced placental abruption and preterm birth: a secondary analysis. BJOG. 2015;122(13):1740-1747. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13201</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грызунова Е.М., Совершаева С.Л., Соловьев А.Г., Казакевич Е.В., Чумакова Г.Н., Котлов А.П., Киселева Л.Г., Харькова О.А. Состояние гемодинамики в системе «мать – плацента – плод» у курящих беременных. Экология человека. 2016;23(9):15-20. https://doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2016-9-15-20</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gryzunova EM, Sovershaeva SL, Soloviev AG, Kazakevich EV, Chumakova GN, Kotlov AP, Kiseleva LG, Kharkova OA. Hemodynamics State in «Mother-Placenta-Fetus» System of Pregnant Smokers. Human Ecology. 2016;23(9):15-20. (in Russ). https://doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2016-9-15-20</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kohlhammer Y, Schwartz M, Raspe H, Schäfer T. Risk factors for community acquired pneumonia (CAP). A systematic review. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2005;130(8):381-386. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-863061</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kohlhammer Y, Schwartz M, Raspe H, Schäfer T. Risk factors for community acquired pneumonia (CAP). A systematic review. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2005;130(8):381-386. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-863061</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Долгушина Н.В., Артымук Н.В., Белокриницкая Т.Е., Романов А.Ю., Волочаева М.В., Филиппов О.С., Адамян Л.В. Нормальная беременность. Клинические рекомендации МЗ РФ. Москва, 2020. 80 с. Ссылка активна на 21.01.2023. http://cr.rosminzdrav.ru/recomend/288_115.03.2021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[Dolgushina NV, Artymuk NV, Belokrinitskaya TE, Romanov AYu, Volochaeva MV, Filippov OS, Adamyan LV. Normal pregnancy. Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Moscow, 2020. 80 p. (in Russ). Available at: http:// cr.rosminzdrav.ru/recomend/288_1 15.03.2021 Accessed: February 11, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andeweg SP, Vennema H, Veldhuijzen I, Smorenburg N, Schmitz D, Zwagemaker F, van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, Hahné SJM, Reusken C, Knol MJ, Eggink D; SeqNeth Molecular surveillance group; RIVM COVID-19 Molecular epidemiology group. Elevated risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Gamma, and Delta variant compared to Alpha variant in vaccinated individuals. Sci Transl Med. 2022:eabn4338. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abn4338</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andeweg SP, Vennema H, Veldhuijzen I, Smorenburg N, Schmitz D, Zwagemaker F, van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, Hahné SJM, Reusken C, Knol MJ, Eggink D; SeqNeth Molecular surveillance group; RIVM COVID-19 Molecular epidemiology group. Elevated risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Gamma, and Delta variant compared to Alpha variant in vaccinated individuals. Sci Transl Med. 2022:eabn4338. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abn4338</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Del Rio C, Malani PN, Omer SB. Confronting the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, summer 2021. JAMA. 2021;326(11):1001-1002. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.14811</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Del Rio C, Malani PN, Omer SB. Confronting the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, summer 2021. JAMA. 2021;326(11):1001-1002. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.14811</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vousden N, Ramakrishnan R, Bunch K, Morris E, Simpson N, Gale C, O’Brien P, Quigley M, Brocklehurst P, Kurinczuk JJ, Knight M. Management and implications of severe COVID-19 in pregnancy in the UK: Data from the UK Obstetric Surveillance System national cohort. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2022;101(4):461-470. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.14329.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vousden N, Ramakrishnan R, Bunch K, Morris E, Simpson N, Gale C, O’Brien P, Quigley M, Brocklehurst P, Kurinczuk JJ, Knight M. Management and implications of severe COVID-19 in pregnancy in the UK: Data from the UK Obstetric Surveillance System national cohort. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2022;101(4):461-470. https:// doi.org/10.1111/aogs.14329.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dyer O. COVID-19: Omicron is causing more infections but fewer hospital admissions than delta, South African data show. BMJ. 2021;375:n3104. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n3104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyer O. COVID-19: Omicron is causing more infections but fewer hospital admissions than delta, South African data show. BMJ. 2021;375:n3104. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n3104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
