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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fcmedicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Clinical Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-0764</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-0941</issn><publisher><publisher-name>КемГМУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23946/2500-0764-2023-8-3-93-106</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fcmedicine-761</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Факторы, индуцируемые гипоксией: детали создают «картину». Часть I. HIF-1</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hypoxia-inducible factors: details create a picture. Part I. HIF-1</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3611-1186</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Игнатенко</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ignatenko</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Игнатенко Григорий Анатольевич - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней.</p><p>283003, Донецкая Народная Республика, Донецк, пр-т Ильича, д. 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Grigoriy A. Ignatenko - MD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Department of internal diseases propaedeutics, M. Gorky Donetsk State Medical University.</p><p>16, Ilyich Avenue, Donetsk, Donetsk People's Republic, 283003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rektor@dnmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-7006</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бондаренко</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bondarenko</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бондаренко Надежда Николаевна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой физиологии с лабораторией теоретической и прикладной нейрофизиологии им. акад. В.Н. Казакова.</p><p>283003, Донецкая Народная Республика, Донецк, пр-т Ильича, д. 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda N. Bondarenko - MD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Academician V.N. Kazakov Department of Physiology with the Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Neurophysiology, M. Gorky Donetsk State Medical University.</p><p>16, Ilyich Avenue, Donetsk, Donetsk People's Republic, 283003</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5316-9813</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Туманова</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tumanova</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Туманова Светлана Викторовна - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры внутренних болезней №2.</p><p>283003, Донецкая Народная Республика, Донецк, пр-т Ильича, д. 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Svetlana V. Tumanova - MD, PhD, Associate Professor of the department of internal diseases №2, M. Gorky Donetsk State Medical University.</p><p>16, Ilyich Avenue, Donetsk, Donetsk People's Republic, 283003</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2138-2277</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Игнатенко</surname><given-names>Т. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ignatenko</surname><given-names>T. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Игнатенко Татьяна Степановна - доктор медицинских наук профессор кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней.</p><p>283003, Донецкая Народная Республика, Донецк, пр-т Ильича, д. 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana S. Ignatenko - MD, DSc, Professor of the Department of internal diseases propaedeutics, M. Gorky Donetsk State Medical University.</p><p>16, Ilyich Avenue, Donetsk, Donetsk People's Republic, 283003</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1489-9382</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калуга</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaluga</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Калуга Александр Александрович - ассистент кафедры терапии ФИПО им. проф. А.И. Дядыка.</p><p>283003, Донецкая Народная Республика, Донецк, пр-т Ильича, д. 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Kaluga - Assistant of Professor, Professor A.I. Dyadyk the department therapy FIPE, M. Gorky Donetsk State Medical University.</p><p>16, Ilyich Avenue, Donetsk, Donetsk People's Republic, 283003</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4364-1995</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валигун</surname><given-names>Я. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Valigun</surname><given-names>Ya. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Валигун Янина Сергеевна - ассистент кафедры трансплантологии и клинической лабораторной диагностики.</p><p>283003, Донецкая Народная Республика, Донецк, пр-т Ильича, д. 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yanina S. Valigun - Assistant of the Professor, Department of transplantology and clinical laboratory diagnostics, M. Gorky Donetsk State Medical University.</p><p>16, Ilyich Avenue, Donetsk, Donetsk People's Republic, 283003</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Донецкий государственный медицинский университет имени М. Горького» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>M. Gorky Donetsk State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>93</fpage><lpage>106</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Игнатенко Г.А., Бондаренко Н.Н., Туманова С.В., Игнатенко Т.С., Калуга А.А., Валигун Я.С., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Игнатенко Г.А., Бондаренко Н.Н., Туманова С.В., Игнатенко Т.С., Калуга А.А., Валигун Я.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ignatenko G.A., Bondarenko N.N., Tumanova S.V., Ignatenko T.S., Kaluga A.A., Valigun Y.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/761">https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/761</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре представлен сравнительный анализ научных данных о структурно-функциональных особенностях субъединиц (HIF-1α и HIF-1β) транскрипционного фактора, индуцируемого гипоксией-1 (HIF-1). Описаны различия основной регуляторной субъединицы HIF-1α и конститутивно экспрессируемой субъединицы HIF-1β, чувствительность к эндо- и экзогенным регуляторам их стабильности, внутриклеточное содержание в зависимости от обеспеченности клетки кислородом (условия нормоксии и гипоксии). При нормоксии внутриклеточное содержание HIF-1α определяется кислородзависимыми и кислороднезависимыми механизмами. Кислородзависимая ферментная деградация HIF-1α осуществляется путем PHD-зависимого гидроксилирования, VHL-зависимого убиквитинирования и FIH-1-зависимого гидроксилирования. Кислород-независимые пути регуляции пула HIF-1α включают: 1) транскрипцию генов HIF-1α (Notch и/или NF-кВ-зависимых, STAT3 и Sp1 цитокин-зависимых), 2) трансляцию мРНК (cap-зависимый или IRES-зависимую, а также цитокин-зависимую активацию пути PI-3K/AKT при действии факторов роста и вазоактивных гормонов), 3) белок-белковые взаимодействия, 4) различные механизмы посттрансляционной модификации. Изменения активности ферментов цикла Кребса и активные формы кислорода обеспечивают стабильность HIF-1α посредством ингибирования активности PHD и снижения убиквитин-протеасомной деградации. PHD-независимыми посттрансляционными стабилизаторами HIF-1α являются цитозольная редуктаза NQO1, сиртуин-2, простагландин Е2, рецептор активированной протеинкиназы С1, конкурирующий с белком теплового шока 90, Hdm2 человека (природный ингибитор р53), гликогенсинтазкиназа 3β, а негативными модификаторами выступают ферменты - метилтрансфераза SET7/9, лизин-специфическая деметилаза-1, полоподобная киназа 3, β-аррестин-2, казеинкиназа-1. В гипоксических условиях негидроксилированные субъединицы HIF-1α, мигрируют в ядро, где гетеродимеризуются с HIF-1β, гетеродимеры HIF-1α/β связывают основную консенсусную последовательность 5'-(A/G)CGTG-3' внутри элемента реакции на гипоксию (HRE) генов-мишеней, рекрутируют коактиваторы (p300, модифицирующие гистоны, ферменты, считыватели гистонов, белки ремоделирования хроматина и белки-посредники для стимуляции транскрипции генов-мишеней с помощью РНК-полимеразы II), в результате образуется HIF-1, действующий как фактор транскрипции генов-мишеней, обеспечивающих метаболическое перепрограммирование с окислительного фосфорилирования на анаэробный гликолиз (гены, кодирующие переносчики глюкозы (GLUT1 и GLUT3), гены гликолитических ферментов гексокиназы 1 и 2 (HK1 и HK2), фосфоглицераткиназы 1), а также гены эритропоэтина, фактора роста эндотелия сосудов и его рецепторов FLT1 и FLK1, эндотелина 1 и ангиопоэтина 1, результатом чего является адаптация к гипоксии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review presents a comparative analysis of scientific data on the structural and functional characteristics of subunits (HIF-1α and HIF-1β) of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 (HIF-1). Differences between the main regulatory HIF-1α subunit and the constitutively expressed HIF-1β subunit, sensitivity to endo- and exogenous regulators of their stability, and intracellular content depending on the cell's oxygen supply state (normoxia and hypoxia conditions) are described. In normoxia, the intracellular content of HIF-1α is determined by oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent mechanisms. Oxygen-dependent enzymatic degradation of HIF-1α occurs by PHD-dependent hydroxylation, VHL-dependent ubiquitination, and FIH-1-dependent hydroxylation. Oxygen-independent pathways of HIF-1α pool regulation include: 1) HIF-1α gene transcription (Notch and/or NF-KB-dependent, STAT3 and Sp1 cytokine-dependent), 2) mRNA translation (cap-dependent or IRES-dependent, as well as cytokine-dependent activation of the PI-3K/AKT pathway activation under the effect of growth factors and vasoactive hormones), 3) protein-protein interactions, 4) various mechanisms of post-translational modification. Changes in Krebs cycle enzyme activity and active oxygen forms confer HIF-1α stability through PHD activity inhibition and reduction of ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. PHD-independent post-translational stabilizers of HIF-1α are: cytosolic reductase NQO1, sirtuin-2, prostaglandin E2, activated protein kinase C1 receptor competing with heat shock protein 90, human Hdm2 (a natural inhibitor of p53), glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and negative modifiers are enzymes - methyltransferase SET7/9, lysine-specific demethylase-1, sex-like kinase 3, β-arrestin-2, casein kinase-1. Under hypoxic conditions, non-hydroxylated HIF-1α subunits migrate to the nucleus where they heterodimerize with HIF-1β, HIF-1α/β heterodimers bind the main 5'-(A/G)CGTG-3' consensus sequence within the hypoxia-reaction element (HRE) of the target genes, and recruit co-activators (p300, histone modifying enzymes, histone readers, chromatin remodeling proteins, and mediator proteins for target genes transcription enhancement with the aid of RNA polymerase II), resulting in the formation of HIF-1, acting as a transcription factor for the target genes providing metabolic reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis (genes encoding glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT3), genes for glycolytic enzymes hexokinase 1 and 2 (HK1 and HK2), phosphoglycerate kinase 1), as well as genes for erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors FLT1 and FLK1, endothelin 1 and angiopoietin 1, resulting in adaptation to hypoxia.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фактор</kwd><kwd>индуцируемый гипоксией-1</kwd><kwd>регуляция стабильности HIF-1α</kwd><kwd>тканевая гипоксия</kwd><kwd>внутриклеточное метаболическое перепрограммирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hypoxia inducible factor-1</kwd><kwd>regulation of HIF-1α stability</kwd><kwd>tissue hypoxia</kwd><kwd>intracellular metabolic reprogramming</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Доброборский Б.С., Медрес Е.Е. 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