fcmedicineФундаментальная и клиническая медицинаFundamental and Clinical Medicine2500-07642542-0941КемГМУ10.23946/2500-0764-2024-9-1-112-123fcmedicine-830Research ArticleОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИREVIEW ARTICLESРоль кишечной микробиоты в диагностике колоректального ракаThe Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of Colorectal Cancerhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-4271-6530ШумиловаН. В.ShumilovaV. N.

Шумилова Виктория Николаевна, очный аспирант кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии

191015, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41

Dr. Victoria N. Shumilova, MD, PhD Student

41, Kirochnaya Street, Saint Petersburg, 191015 

tori.lovas@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5206-6656ГончаровА. Е.GoncharovA. E.

Гончаров Артемий Евгеньевич, доктор медицинских наук, заведующий лабораторией функциональной геномики и протеомики микроорганизмов, профессор кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии

197022, г. Санкт-Петербург, Академика Павлова ул., д. 12 

191015, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41 

Prof. Artemiy E. Goncharov, MD, DSc, Head of the Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Microorganisms, Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology

12, Akademika Pavlova Street, Saint Petersburg, 197022 

41, Kirochnaya Street, Saint Petersburg, 191015 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9569-8485ЛатарияЭ. Л.LatariyaE. L.

Латария Элгуджа Лаврентьевич, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры факультетской хирургии имени И. И. Грекова, проректор по клинической работе

191015, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41 

Dr. Elgudzha L. Latariya, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, I.I. Grekov Department of Faculty Surgery, Chief Clinical Officer

41, Kirochnaya Street, Saint Petersburg, 191015 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6890-8096АслановБ. И.AslanovB. I.

Асланов Батырбек Исмелович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии

 191015, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41 

Prof. Batyrbek I. Aslanov, MD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology 

41, Kirochnaya Street, Saint Petersburg, 191015 

ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И. И. Мечникова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияI.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical UniversityRussian FederationФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины» ; ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И. И. Мечникова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияInstitute of Experimental Medicine ; I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical UniversityRussian Federation20242903202491112123Copyright © Шумилова Н.В., Гончаров А.Е., Латария Э.Л., Асланов Б.И., 20242024Шумилова Н.В., Гончаров А.Е., Латария Э.Л., Асланов Б.И.Shumilova V.N., Goncharov A.E., Latariya E.L., Aslanov B.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/830

Колоректальный рак (КРР) является одной из наиболее распространенных форм онкологической патологии в мире. Целью настоящего обзора литературы является оценка роли микроорганизмов в развитии рака толстой кишки. В статье также обсуждаются возможности использования обнаружения отдельных таксонов микроорганизмов в качестве биомаркеров для скрининга колоректального рака. При развитии рака устанавливается сложное взаимодействие между микробиомом кишечника, микроокружением опухоли и иммунной системой. Фекальный микробиом у пациентов с КРР характеризуется изменениями таксономического состава со снижением представленности микроорганизмов с протективными функциями (Clostridiales, Roseburia, Feacalibacterium) наряду с повышенным содержанием потенциально канцерогенных таксонов (Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Escherichia, Porphyromonas, Prevotella nigrescens, Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans). Результаты последних исследований с использованием метагеномного секвенирования образцов кала, биоптатов опухолей свидетельствуют о повышенной представленности бактерий – патобионтов ротовой полости в составе кишечного микробиома у пациентов с КРР по сравнению с контрольной группой, что может указывать на их потенциальную этиологическую роль в развитии КРР. Обнаружение вышеуказанных таксонов может использоваться для дифференциации лиц с раком толстой кишки от здоровых лиц.

Перспективы дальнейших исследований связаны с выявлением и подтверждением в проспективных эпидемиологических исследованиях микробных маркеров КРР, применимых для неинвазивного метода скрининга данной патологии.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumours, which development significantly depends on the role of gut microbiota. Here we discuss the possibilities of using individual microorganisms as biomarkers for CRC screening. During the tumorigenesis, a complex interaction is established between the gut microbiome, the tumor microenvironment and the immune system. The composition of the fecal microbiome in patients with CRC is characterized by reduced numbers of protective microorganisms (Clostridiales, Roseburia, Feacalibacterium) and increased diversity of potentially carcinogenic taxa (Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Escherichia, Porphyromonas, Prevotella nigrescens, Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans). Recent metagenomic studies of stool samples and tumor biopsies indicate an increased representation of oral pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal microbiome in patients with CRC as compared to the control group, suggesting their potential causative role in CRC. The detection of the abovementioned taxa can be used to differentiate individuals with CRC from healthy individuals. Prospects for further research are associated with the identification of microbial CRC markers in prospective epidemiological studies and their applications for non-invasive screening of CRC.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.