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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">fcmedicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamental and Clinical Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-0764</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-0941</issn><publisher><publisher-name>КемГМУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23946/2500-0764-2024-9-2-94-102</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">fcmedicine-867</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Инсулиновая недостаточность в патофизиологии когнитивной дисфункции при сахарном диабете 1 типа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Role of Insulin Deficiency in Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4705-3823</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Быков</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bykov</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Быков Юрий Витальевич, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии с курсом ДПО</p><p>355017, г. Ставрополь, ул. Мира, д. 310 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Yuri V. Bykov, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine</p><p>310, Mira Street, Stavropol, 355017 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yubykov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Stavropol State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>94</fpage><lpage>102</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Быков Ю.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Быков Ю.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bykov Y.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/867">https://fcm.kemsmu.ru/jour/article/view/867</self-uri><abstract><p>Сахарный диабет (СД) 1 типа – хроническая аутоиммунная эндокринопатия с преимущественным дебютом заболевания в детском и подростковом возрасте. Дисфункция центральной нервной системы рассматривается как ведущее долгосрочное осложнение СД 1 типа, приводящее к поражению головного мозга и когнитивным нарушениям. Инсулиновая недостаточность является одним из патофизиологических механизмов развития диабетической энцефалопатии (ДЭ) при СД 1 типа. Инсулин, помимо своей основной функции в регуляции уровня глюкозы в крови, оказывает выраженное нейропротективное и прокогнитивное действие за счет влияния на инсулиновые рецепторы, находящиеся в головном мозге. Данный гормон также влияет на выработку различных нейротрансмиттеров и способствует долговременной потенциации, что улучшает процессы обучения и памяти. Инсулин активизирует синаптическую пластичность, пролиферацию и дифференциацию нейронов, процессы, лежащие в улучшении когнитивного функционирования. Среди основных патофизиологических механизмов, которые провоцируют когнитивную дисфункцию на фоне инсулиновой недостаточности при СД 1 типа, рассматривают: митохондриальную дисфункцию, окислительный стресс и нарушение работы гематоэнцефалического барьера (ГЭБ). Недостаточность инсулина приводит к снижению митохондриального дыхания и увеличению деления митохондрий, что взывает ДЭ. Инсулиновая недостаточность при СД 1 типа вызывает проявления окислительного стресса и нарушает окислительную способность головного мозга, что вызывает нарушения метаболизма глюкозы и энергетического баланса, являясь триггером когнитивных нарушений. На фоне дефицита инсулина нарушение целостности ГЭБ может быть вызвано измененными транспортными белками глюкозы и потерей перицитов, что является еще одним триггером формирования ДЭ при СД 1 типа. Продемонстрировано, что именно интраназальная доставка экзогенного инсулина, в обход ГЭБ, может быть эффективной терапевтической стратегией при коррекции когнитивных нарушений при данной эндокринопатии. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования в области изучения влияния экзогенного инсулина на когнитивные функции у пациентов с СД 1 типа.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic autoimmune disease with a onset in childhood and adolescence. Neurological disorders are among the most frequent complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus and might lead to cognitive impairment termed as diabetic encephalopathy. Besides regulating blood glucose, insulin have neuroprotective and pro-cognitive effects through its action on insulin receptors in the brain, promoting the production of neurotransmitters, long-term potentiation, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal differentiation. By enhancing abovementioned processes responsible for learning and memory, insulin improves cognitive functioning. Insulin deficiency triggers cognitive dysfunction and diabetic encephalopathy via mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and disorganisation of glucose metabolism which alter functioning of glucose transporter proteins and induce pericyte loss, ultimately compromising integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Intranasal delivery of exogenous insulin, which bypasses the bloodbrain barrier, may serve as an efficient therapeutic strategy for correcting cognitive impairment in patients with diabetic encephalopathy. Further research is needed to uncover and understand the effects of exogenous insulin on cognitive functions in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет 1 типа</kwd><kwd>инсулиновая недостаточность</kwd><kwd>когнитивная дисфункция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>type 1 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>insulin deficiency</kwd><kwd>cognitive dysfunction</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ab-Hamid N., Omar N., Ismail C.A., Long I. Diabetes and cognitive decline: Challenges and future direction. World J. Diabetes. 2023;14(6):795-807. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v14.i6.795</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ab-Hamid N, Omar N, Ismail CA, Long I. Diabetes and cognitive decline: Challenges and future direction. 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