Роль кишечной микробиоты в диагностике колоректального рака

Колоректальный рак (КРР) является одной из наиболее распространенных форм онкологической патологии в мире. Целью настоящего обзора литературы является оценка роли микроорганизмов в развитии рака толстой кишки. В статье также обсуждаются возможности использования обнаружения отдельных таксонов микроорганизмов в качестве биомаркеров для скрининга колоректального рака. При развитии рака устанавливается сложное взаимодействие между микробиомом кишечника, микроокружением опухоли и иммунной системой. Фекальный микробиом у пациентов с КРР характеризуется изменениями таксономического состава со снижением представленности микроорганизмов с протективными функциями (Clostridiales, Roseburia, Feacalibacterium) наряду с повышенным содержанием потенциально канцерогенных таксонов (Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Escherichia, Porphyromonas, Prevotella nigrescens, Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans). Результаты последних исследований с использованием метагеномного секвенирования образцов кала, биоптатов опухолей свидетельствуют о повышенной представленности бактерий – патобионтов ротовой полости в составе кишечного микробиома у пациентов с КРР по сравнению с контрольной группой, что может указывать на их потенциальную этиологическую роль в развитии КРР. Обнаружение вышеуказанных таксонов может использоваться для дифференциации лиц с раком толстой кишки от здоровых лиц.

Перспективы дальнейших исследований связаны с выявлением и подтверждением в проспективных эпидемиологических исследованиях микробных маркеров КРР, применимых для неинвазивного метода скрининга данной патологии.

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